PEERAGES
Last updated 12/09/2017 (12 Apr 2024)
Date	Rank	Order	Name	Born	Died	Age
ROSSER
14 Jun 2004 to     10 Apr 2024	B[L]		Richard Andrew Rosser Created Baron Rosser for life 14 Jun 2004 Peerage extinct on his death	5 Oct 1944	10 Apr 2024	79
ROSSIE
20 Jun 1831 to     7 Jan 1878	B	1	George William Fox Kinnaird, 9th Lord Kinnaird Created Baron Rossie 20 Jun 1831 Peerage extinct on his death	14 Apr 1807	7 Jan 1878	70
ROSSLYN
21 Apr 1801	E	1	Alexander Wedderburn Created Baron Loughborough 17 Jun 1780 and 31 Oct 1795, and Earl of Rosslyn 21 Apr 1801 For details of the special remainder included in the creation of the Earldom, see the note at the foot of this page MP for Ayr Burghs 1761‑1768, Richmond 1768‑1769, Bishops Castle 1770‑1774 and 1778‑1780 and Okehampton 1774‑1778; Attorney General 1778‑1780; Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1780‑1792; Lord Chancellor 1793‑1801; PC 1780 On his death the Barony of 1780 became extinct, but the other titles passed to -	13 Feb 1733	2 Jan 1805	71
2 Jan 1805		2	Sir James St. Clair-Erskine, 6th baronet MP for Castle Rising 1782‑1784, Morpeth 1784‑1796 and Dysart Burghs 1796‑1805; Lord Privy Seal 1829‑1830; Lord President of the Council 1834‑1835; Lord Lieutenant Fife 1828‑1837; PC 1829	1762	18 Jan 1837	74
18 Jan 1837		3	James Alexander St. Clair‑Erskine MP for Dysart Burghs 1830‑1831 and Great Grimsby 1831‑1832; PC 1841	15 Feb 1802	16 Jun 1866	64
16 Jun 1866		4	Francis Robert St. Clair‑Erskine PC 1886	2 Mar 1833	6 Sep 1890	57
6 Sep 1890		5	James Francis Harry St. Clair‑Erskine For information on the death of his son and heir, Francis Edward Scudamore St. Clair‑Erskine, styled Lord Loughborough, see the note at the foot of this page	16 Mar 1869	10 Aug 1939	70
10 Aug 1939		6	Anthony Hugh Francis Harry St. Clair‑Erskine	18 May 1917	22 Nov 1977	60
22 Nov 1977		7	Peter St. Clair‑Erskine [Elected hereditary peer 1999-]	31 Mar 1958
ROSSMORE
19 Oct 1796	B[I]	1	Robert Cuninghame Created Baron Rossmore 19 Oct 1796 For details of the special remainder included in the creation of this peerage, see the note at the foot of this page MP [I] for Tulsk 1751‑1761, Armagh Borough 1761‑1768 and Monaghan Borough 1768‑1796; MP for East Grinstead 1788‑1789; PC [I] 1782 For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	18 Apr 1726	6 Aug 1801
6 Aug 1801 7 Jul 1838	B	2 1	Warner William Westenra Created Baron Rossmore [UK] 7 Jul 1838 MP [I] for Monaghan County 1800; MP for Monaghan 1800‑1801; Lord Lieutenant Monaghan 1831‑1842	14 Oct 1765	10 Aug 1842	76
10 Aug 1842		3 2	Henry Robert Westenra MP for Monaghan 1818‑1830, 1831‑1832, 1834 and 1835‑1842; Lord Lieutenant Monaghan 1843‑1858	24 Aug 1792	1 Dec 1860	68
1 Dec 1860		4 3	Henry Cairnes Westenra	14 Nov 1851	28 Mar 1874	22
28 Mar 1874		5 4	Derrick Warner William Westenra Lord Lieutenant Monaghan 1897‑1921 For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	7 Feb 1853	31 Jan 1921	67
31 Jan 1921		6 5	William Westenra	12 Jul 1892	17 Oct 1958	66
17 Oct 1958		7 6	William Warner [Paddy] Westenra	14 Feb 1931	4 May 2021	90
4 May 2021		8 7	Benedict William Westenra	6 Mar 1983
ROTHERHAM
18 Jul 1910	B	1	Sir William Henry Holland, 1st baronet Created Baron Rotherham 18 Jul 1910 MP for Salford North 1892‑1895 and Rotherham 1899‑1910	15 Dec 1849	26 Dec 1927	78
26 Dec 1927 to     24 Jan 1950		2	Stuart Lund Holland Peerage extinct on his death	25 Oct 1876	24 Jan 1950	73
ROTHERMERE
17 Jan 1914 17 May 1919	B V	1 1	Sir Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st baronet Created Baron Rothermere 17 Jan 1914 and Viscount Rothermere 17 May 1919 Minister for Air 1917‑1918; PC 1917	26 Apr 1868	26 Nov 1940	72
26 Nov 1940		2	Esmond Cecil Harmsworth MP for Isle of Thanet 1919‑1929	29 May 1898	12 Jul 1978
12 Jul 1978		3	Vere Harold Esmond Harmsworth	27 Aug 1925	1 Sep 1998	73
1 Sep 1998		4	Harold Jonathan Esmond Vere Harmsworth	3 Dec 1967
ROTHERWICK
5 Jul 1939	B	1	Sir Herbert Robin Cayzer, 1st baronet Created Baron Rotherwick 5 Jul 1939 MP for Portsmouth South 1918‑1922 and 1923‑1939	23 Jul 1881	16 Mar 1958	76
16 Mar 1958		2	Herbert Robin Cayzer	5 Dec 1912	11 Jun 1996	83
11 Jun 1996		3	Herbert Robin Cayzer [Elected hereditary peer 1999‑2022]	12 Mar 1954
ROTHES
			For further information on this peerage, see the note at the foot of this page
1457	E[S]	1	George Leslie Created Lord Leslie 1445 and Earl of Rothes 1457		c 1490
c 1490		2	George Leslie		Mar 1513
Mar 1513		3	William Leslie		9 Sep 1513
9 Sep 1513		4	George Leslie		28 Nov 1558
28 Nov 1558		5	Andrew Leslie		1611
1611		6	John Leslie	1600	23 Aug 1641	41
23 Aug 1641 29 May 1680 to     27 Jul 1681	D[S]	7 1	John Leslie Created Lord Auchmotie and Caskieberry, Viscount of Lugtoun, Earl of Leslie, Marquess of Ballinbrieich and Duke of Rothes 29 May 1680 Lord High Treasurer [S] 1663‑1667; Lord Chancellor [S] 1667‑1681 On his death the creations of 1680 became extinct, whilst the Earldom passed to -	1630	27 Jul 1681	51
27 Jul 1681		8	Margaret Hamilton		20 Aug 1700
20 Aug 1700		9	John Leslie Lord Lieutenant Fifeshire, Kinross and Aberdeen	21 Aug 1679	9 May 1722	42
9 May 1722		10	John Leslie KT 1753; PC [I] 1756	c 1698	10 Dec 1767
10 Dec 1767		11	John Leslie	19 Oct 1744	18 Jul 1773	28
18 Jul 1773		12	Jane Elizabeth Evelyn	5 May 1750	2 Jun 1810	60
2 Jun 1810		13	George William Evelyn‑Leslie	28 Mar 1768	11 Feb 1817	48
11 Feb 1817		14	Henrietta Anne Leslie	26 Mar 1790	30 Jan 1819	28
30 Jan 1819		15	George William Evelyn Leslie	8 Nov 1809	10 Mar 1841	31
10 Mar 1841		16	George William Evelyn Leslie	4 Feb 1835	2 Jan 1859	23
2 Jan 1859		17	Henrietta Anderson Morshead Waldegrave‑Leslie	6 Feb 1832	10 Feb 1886	54
10 Feb 1886		18	Mary Elizabeth Haworth‑Leslie	9 Jul 1811	19 Sep 1893	82
19 Sep 1893		19	Norman Evelyn Leslie	15 Jul 1877	29 Mar 1927	49
29 Mar 1927		20	Malcolm George Dyer Edwardes Leslie	8 Feb 1902	17 May 1975	73
17 May 1975		21	Ian Lionel Malcolm Leslie	10 May 1932	15 Apr 2005	72
15 Apr 2005		22	James Malcolm David Leslie	4 Jun 1958
ROTHESAY
28 Apr 1398 to     26 Mar 1402	D[S]	1	David Stewart Created Duke of Rothesay 28 Apr 1398 Eldest son of Robert III of Scotland On his death the peerage reverted to the Crown	1378	26 Mar 1402	23
1402 to     4 Apr 1406	D[S]	1	James Stewart Created Duke of Rothesay 1402 Third son of Robert III of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James I when the peerage merged with the Crown	Jul 1394	21 Feb 1437	42
16 Oct 1430 to     21 Feb 1437	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James I of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James II when the peerage merged with the Crown	16 Oct 1430	3 Aug 1460	29
20 Jul 1451 to     3 Aug 1460	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James II of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James III when the peerage merged with the Crown	20 Jul 1451	11 Jun 1488	36
17 Mar 1473 to     11 Jun 1488	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James III of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James IV when the peerage merged with the Crown	17 Mar 1473	9 Sep 1513	40
21 Feb 1507 to     27 Feb 1508	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James IV of Scotland On his death the peerage reverted to the Crown	21 Feb 1507	27 Feb 1508	1
20 Oct 1509 to     14 Jul 1510	D[S]	1	Arthur Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth Second son of James IV of Scotland On his death the peerage reverted to the Crown	20 Oct 1509	14 Jul 1510	-
15 Apr 1512 to	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth Third son of James IV of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James V when the peerage merged with the Crown	10 Apr 1512	14 Dec 1542	30
22 May 1540 to	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James V of Scotland On his death the peerage reverted to the Crown	22 May 1540	1541	1
19 Jun 1566 to     24 Jul 1567	D[S]	1	James Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of Queen Mary of Scotland He succeeded to the throne of Scotland as James VI when the peerage merged with the Crown	19 Jun 1566	27 Mar 1625	58
19 Feb 1594 to	D[S]		Henry Frederick Stewart Became Duke of Rothesay at birth First son of James VI of Scotland On his death the peerage reverted to the Crown	19 Feb 1594	6 Nov 1612	18
			Since 1612 the Dukedom of Rothesay has followed the Dukedom of Cornwall
ROTHSCHILD
29 Jun 1885	B	1	Sir Nathan Meyer Rothschild, 2nd baronet Created Baron Rothschild 29 Jun 1885 MP for Aylesbury 1865‑1885; Lord Lieutenant Buckingham 1889‑1915; PC 1902	8 Nov 1840	31 Mar 1915	74
31 Mar 1915		2	Lionel Walter Rothschild MP for Aylesbury 1899‑1910	8 Feb 1868	27 Aug 1937	69
27 Aug 1937		3	Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild	31 Oct 1910	20 Mar 1990	79
20 Mar 1990		4	(Nathaniel Charles) Jacob Rothschild OM 2002	29 Apr 1936	25 Feb 2024	87
25 Feb 2024		5	Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild	12 Jul 1971
ROUNDWAY
30 Jun 1916	B	1	Charles Edward Hungerford Atholl Colston Created Baron Roundway 30 Jun 1916 MP for Thornbury 1892‑1906	16 May 1854	17 Jun 1925	71
17 Jun 1925 to     29 Mar 1944		2	Edward Murray Colston Peerage extinct on his death	31 Dec 1880	29 Mar 1944	63
ROUS
14 Jun 1796	B	1	John Rous Created Baron Rous 14 Jun 1796, and Viscount Dunwich and Earl of Stradbroke 18 Jul 1821 See "Stradbroke"	30 May 1750	27 Aug 1827	77
ROWALLAN
27 Jun 1911	B	1	Archibald Cameron Corbett Created Baron Rowallan 27 Jun 1911 MP for Tradeston 1885‑1911	23 May 1856	19 Mar 1933	76
19 Mar 1933		2	Thomas Godfrey Polson Corbett Governor of Tasmania 1959‑1963; KT 1957	19 Dec 1895	30 Nov 1977	81
30 Nov 1977		3	Arthur Cameron Corbett	17 Dec 1919	24 Jun 1993	73
24 Jun 1993		4	John Polson Cameron Corbett	8 Mar 1947
ROWE-BEDDOE
15 Jun 2006 to     15 Nov 2023	B[L]		Sir David Sydney Rowe‑Beddoe Created Baron Rowe-Beddoe for life 15 Jun 2006 Peerage extinct on his death	19 Dec 1937	15 Nov 2023	85
ROWLANDS
28 Jun 2004	B[L]		Edward Rowlands Created Baron Rowlands for life 28 Jun 2004 MP for Cardiff North 1966‑1970, Merthyr Tydfil 1972‑1983 and Merthyr Tydfil & Rhymney 1983‑2001	23 Jan 1940
ROWLEY
27 May 1966 to     28 Aug 1968	B[L]		Arthur Henderson Created Baron Rowley for life 27 May 1966 MP for Cardiff South 1923‑1924 and 1929‑1931, Kingswinford 1935‑1950 and Rowley Regis & Tipton 1950‑1966; Secretary of State for Air 1947‑1951; PC 1947 Peerage extinct on his death	27 Aug 1893	28 Aug 1968	75
ROWTON
6 May 1880 to     9 Nov 1903	B	1	Montagu William Lowry‑Corry Created Baron Rowton 6 May 1880 PC 1900 Peerage extinct on his death	8 Oct 1838	9 Nov 1903	65
ROXBURGHE
29 Dec 1599 18 Sep 1616	B[S] E[S]	1 1	Sir Robert Ker Created Lord Roxburghe 29 Dec 1599 and Lord Ker of Cessfurd & Cavertoun and Earl of Roxburghe 18 Sep 1616 Lord Privy Seal [S] 1637‑1649	c 1570	18 Jan 1650
18 Jan 1650		2	William Ker		2 Jul 1675
2 Jul 1675		3	Robert Ker For information on the death of this peer, see the note at the foot of the page containing details of the Dick baronetcy	c 1658	6 May 1682
6 May 1682		4	Robert Ker	c 1677	13 Jul 1696
13 Jul 1696 25 Apr 1707	D[S]	5 1	John Ker Created Lord Ker of Cessfurd & Cavertoun, Viscount of Broxmouth, Earl of Kelso, Marquess of Bowmont & Cessfurd and Duke of Roxburghe 25 Apr 1707 Secretary of State for Scotland 1716‑1725; PC 1709; KG 1722	c 1680	24 Feb 1741
24 Feb 1741		2	Robert Ker Created Baron Ker and Earl Ker of Wakefield 24 May 1722	c 1709	23 Aug 1755
23 Aug 1755		3	John Ker Lord Lieutenant Roxburghe 1794‑1804; KT 1768; PC 1796; KG 1801	23 Apr 1740	19 Mar 1804	63
19 Mar 1804 to     22 Oct 1805		4	William Bellenden-Ker On his death the peerage became dormant	20 Oct 1728	22 Oct 1805	77
11 May 1812		5	Sir James Innes-Ker, 6th baronet	10 Jan 1736	19 Jul 1823	87
19 Jul 1823		6	James Henry Robert Innes‑Ker Created Earl Innes 11 Aug 1837 Lord Lieutenant Berwick 1873‑1879; KT 1840	12 Jul 1816	23 Apr 1879	62
23 Apr 1879		7	James Henry Robert Innes‑Ker MP for Roxburghshire 1870‑1874; Lord Lieutenant Roxburghe 1884‑1892	5 Sep 1839	23 Oct 1892	53
23 Oct 1892		8	Henry John Innes‑Ker Lord Lieutenant Roxburghe 1918‑1932; KT 1902	25 Jul 1876	29 Sep 1932	56
29 Sep 1932		9	George Victor Robert John Innes‑Ker	7 Sep 1913	26 Sep 1974	61
26 Sep 1974		10	Guy David Innes‑Ker	18 Nov 1954	29 Aug 2019	64
29 Aug 2019		11	Charles Robert George Innes‑Ker	18 Feb 1891
ROYALL OF BLAISDON
25 Jun 2004	B[L]		Janet Anne Royall Created Baroness Royall of Blaisdon for life 25 Jun 2004 Lord President of the Council 2008‑2009; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 2009‑2010; PC 2008	20 Aug 1955
ROYDEN
28 Jan 1944 to     6 Nov 1950	B	1	Sir Thomas Royden, 2nd baronet Created Baron Royden 28 Jan 1944 MP for Bootle 1918‑1922; CH 1919 Peerage extinct on his death	22 May 1871	6 Nov 1950	79
ROYLE
25 Aug 1964 to     30 Sep 1975	B[L]		Charles Royle Created Baron Royle for life 25 Aug 1964 MP for Salford West 1945‑1964 Peerage extinct on his death	23 Jan 1896	30 Sep 1975	79
ROYSTON
2 Apr 1754	V	1	Philip Yorke, 1st Baron Hardwicke Created Viscount Royston and Earl of Hardwicke 2 Apr 1754 See "Hardwicke"	1 Dec 1690	6 Mar 1764	73
RUFFSIDE
14 Dec 1951 to     5 May 1958	V	1	Douglas Clifton Brown Created Viscount Ruffside 14 Dec 1951 MP for Hexham 1918‑1923 and 1924‑1951; Speaker of the House of Commons 1943‑1951; PC 1941 Peerage extinct on his death	16 Aug 1879	5 May 1958	78
RUGBY
15 Jan 1947	B	1	Sir John Loader Maffey Created Baron Rugby 15 Jan 1947 Governor General of the Sudan 1926‑1934	1 Jul 1877	20 Apr 1969	91
20 Apr 1969		2	Alan Loader Maffey	16 Apr 1913	12 Jan 1990	76
12 Jan 1990		3	Robert Charles Maffey	4 May 1951
RUGLEN
14 Apr 1697	E[S]	1	Lord John Hamilton Created Lord Hillhouse, Viscount Riccartoun and Earl of Ruglen 14 Apr 1697 He subsequently [1739] succeeded as 3rd Earl of Selkirk	26 Jan 1665	3 Dec 1744	79
3 Dec 1744		2	Anne Douglas	5 Apr 1698	21 Apr 1748	50
21 Apr 1748 to     23 Dec 1810		3	William Douglas, later [1778] 4th Duke of Queensberry Peerage extinct on his death	16 Dec 1724	23 Dec 1810	86
RUNCIE
1 Feb 1991 to     11 Jul 2000	B[L]		Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie Created Baron Runcie for life 1 Feb 1991 Archbishop of Canterbury 1980‑1991; PC 1980 Peerage extinct on his death	2 Oct 1921	11 Jul 2000	78
RUNCIMAN
17 Jan 1933	B	1	Sir Walter Runciman, 1st baronet Created Baron Runciman 17 Jan 1933 MP for Hartlepool 1914‑1918 For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	6 Jul 1847	13 Aug 1937	90
17 Jan 1933 10 Jun 1937	V	2 1	Walter Runciman Created Viscount Runciman of Doxford 10 Jun 1937 MP for Oldham 1899‑1900, Dewsbury 1902‑1918, Swansea West 1924‑1929 and St. Ives 1929‑1937; Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1907‑1908; President of the Board of Education 1908‑1911; President of the Board of Agriculture 1911‑1914; President of the Board of Trade 1914‑1916 and 1931‑1937; Lord President of the Council 1938‑1939; PC 1908	19 Nov 1870	14 Nov 1949	78
14 Nov 1949		2	Walter Leslie Runciman	26 Aug 1900	1 Sep 1989	89
1 Sep 1989		3	Walter Garrison [Garry] Runciman	10 Nov 1934	20 Dec 2020	86
20 Dec 2020		4	David Walter Runciman	1 Mar 1967
RUNCORN
20 Apr 1964 to     20 Jan 1968	B[L]		Dennis Forwood Vosper Created Baron Runcorn for life 20 Apr 1964 MP for Runcorn 1950‑1964; Minister of Health 1957; Minister of State, Home Office 1960‑1961; PC 1957 Peerage extinct on his death	2 Jan 1916	20 Jan 1968	52
RUSHCLIFFE
24 Jan 1935 to     18 Nov 1949	B	1	Sir Henry Bucknall Betterton, 1st baronet Created Baron Rushcliffe 24 Jan 1935 MP for Rushcliffe 1918‑1934; Minister of Labour 1931‑1934; PC 1931 Peerage extinct on his death	15 Aug 1872	18 Nov 1949	77
RUSHOLME
1 Dec 1945 to     18 Aug 1977	B	1	Robert Alexander Palmer Created Baron Rusholme 1 Dec 1945 Peerage extinct on his death	29 Nov 1890	18 Aug 1977	86
RUSSBOROUGH
5 May 1756 8 Sep 1760	B[I] V[I]	1 1	Joseph Leeson Created Baron of Russborough 5 May 1756, Viscount Russborough 8 Sep 1760 and Earl of Milltown 10 May 1763 See "Milltown"	11 Mar 1701	2 Oct 1783	82
RUSSELL
9 Mar 1539	B	1	John Russell Created Baron Russell 9 Mar 1539 and Earl of Bedford 19 Jan 1550 See "Bedford"	c 1485	14 Mar 1555
1 Mar 1553			Francis Russell He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Baron Russell 1 Mar 1553 He succeeded as 2nd Earl of Bedford in 1555	1527	28 Jul 1585	58
Jan 1581			John Russell He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Baron Russell in Jan 1581 He was the son and heir apparent of the 2nd Earl of Bedford, but died before his father		1584
30 Jul 1861	E	1	John Russell Created Viscount Amberley and Earl Russell 30 Jul 1861 MP for Tavistock 1813‑1820 and 1830‑1831, Huntingdonshire 1820‑1826, Bandon 1826‑1830, Devonshire 1831‑1832, Devon South 1832‑1835, Stroud 1835‑1841 and London 1841‑1861; Home Secretary 1834‑1835; Colonial Secretary 1839‑1841 and 1855; Prime Minister 1846‑1852 and 1865‑1866; Foreign Secretary 1852‑1853 and 1859‑1865; Lord President of the Council 1854‑1855; PC 1830; KG 1862	18 Aug 1792	28 May 1878	85
28 May 1878		2	John Francis Stanley Russell For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	12 Aug 1865	3 Mar 1931	65
3 Mar 1931		3	Bertrand Arthur William Russell Nobel Prize for Literature 1950; OM 1949	18 May 1872	2 Feb 1970	97
2 Feb 1970		4	John Conrad Russell For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	16 Nov 1921	16 Dec 1987	66
16 Dec 1987		5	Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell [Elected hereditary peer 1999‑2004]	15 Apr 1937	14 Oct 2004	67
14 Oct 2004		6	Nicholas Lyulph Russell	12 Sep 1968	17 Aug 2014	45
17 Aug 2014		7	John Francis Russell [Elected hereditary peer 2023-]	19 Nov 1971
RUSSELL OF KILLOWEN
7 May 1894 to     10 Aug 1900	B[L]		Sir Charles Russell Created Baron Russell of Killowen for life 7 May 1894 MP for Dundalk 1880‑1885 and Hackney South 1885‑1894; Attorney General 1886 and 1892‑1894; Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 1894; Lord Chief Justice 1894‑1900; PC 1894 Peerage extinct on his death For information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	10 Nov 1832	10 Aug 1900	67
18 Nov 1929 to     20 Dec 1946	B[L]		Francis Xavier Joseph Russell Created Baron Russell of Killowen for life 18 Nov 1929 Lord Justice of Appeal 1928‑1929; Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 1929‑1946; PC 1928 Peerage extinct on his death	2 Jul 1867	20 Dec 1946	79
30 Sep 1975 to     23 Jun 1986	B[L]		Sir Charles Ritchie Russell Created Baron Russell of Killowen for life 30 Sep 1975 Lord Justice of Appeal 1962‑1975; Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 1975‑1982; PC 1962 Peerage extinct on his death	12 Jan 1908	23 Jun 1986	78
RUSSELL OF LIVERPOOL
9 Oct 1919	B	1	Sir Edward Richard Russell Created Baron Russell of Liverpool 9 Oct 1919 MP for Bridgeton 1885‑1887	9 Aug 1834	20 Feb 1920	85
20 Feb 1920		2	Edward Frederick Langley Russell	10 Apr 1895	8 Apr 1981	85
8 Apr 1981		3	Simon Gordon Jared Russell [Elected hereditary peer 2014-]	30 Aug 1952
RUSSELL OF THORNHAUGH
21 Jul 1603	B	1	Sir William Russell Created Baron Russell of Thornhaugh 21 Jul 1603 Lord Deputy of Ireland 1594‑1597	c 1558	9 Aug 1613
9 Aug 1613		2	Francis Russell He succeeded to the Earldom of Bedford in 1627 with which title this peerage then merged and so remains	1593	9 May 1641	57
RUSSELL-JOHNSTON
21 Jul 1997 to     27 Jul 2008	B[L]		Sir (David) Russell Russell-Johnston Created Baron Russell-Johnston for life 21 Jul 1997 MP for Inverness 1964‑1983 and Inverness, Nairn & Lochaber 1983‑1997; MEP 1973‑1975 and 1976‑1979 Peerage extinct on his death	28 Jul 1932	27 Jul 2008	75
RUTHERFORD
10 Jan 1661	B[S]	1	Andrew Rutherford Created Lord Rutherford 10 Jan 1661 and Earl of Teviot 2 Feb 1663		4 May 1664
4 May 1664		2	Thomas Rutherford		16 Apr 1668
16 Apr 1668		3	Archibald Rutherford		11 Mar 1685
11 Mar 1685 to     1724		4	Robert Rutherford On his death the peerage became dormant		1724
RUTHERFORD OF NELSON
22 Jan 1931 to     19 Oct 1937	B	1	Sir Ernest Rutherford Created Baron Rutherford of Nelson 22 Jan 1931 President of the Royal Society 1925‑1930; Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1908; OM 1925 Peerage extinct on his death	30 Aug 1871	19 Oct 1937	66
RUTHVEN
29 Jan 1488	B[S]	1	Sir William Ruthven Created Lord Ruthven 29 Jan 1488		1528
1528		2	William Ruthven		1552
1552		3	Patrick Ruthven	c 1520	13 Jun 1566
13 Jun 1566 to     28 May 1584		4	William Ruthven, later [1581] 1st Earl of Gowrie He was attainted and the peerages forfeited	c 1545	28 May 1584
1586		5	James Ruthven Restored to the peerage 1586	25 Sep 1575	1588	12
1588 to     5 Aug 1600		6	John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie He was attainted and the peerages forfeited	c 1576	5 Aug 1600
Jan 1651	B[S]	1	Sir Thomas Ruthven Created Lord Ruthven Jan 1651		6 May 1673
6 May 1673		2	David Ruthven		Apr 1701
Apr 1701		3	Jean Ruthven		Apr 1722
Apr 1722		4	Isobel Ruthven		Jun 1732
Jun 1732		5	James Ruthven		3 Jul 1783
3 Jul 1783		6	James Ruthven	16 Dec 1733	27 Dec 1789	56
27 Dec 1789		7	James Ruthven	17 Oct 1777	27 Jul 1853	75
27 Jul 1853		8	Mary Elizabeth Thornton Hore‑Ruthven	c 1784	13 Feb 1864
13 Feb 1864		9	Walter James Hore‑Ruthven Created Baron Ruthven of Gowrie 28 Oct 1919	14 Jun 1838	28 Feb 1921	82
28 Feb 1921		10	Walter Patrick Hore‑Ruthven	6 Jun 1870	16 Apr 1956	85
16 Apr 1956		11	Bridget Helen Monckton	27 Jul 1896	17 Apr 1982	85
17 Apr 1982		12	Charles James Ruthven Howard He had previously succeeded as 12th Earl of Carlisle in 1963 with which title this peerage then merged and still remains so	21 Feb 1923	28 Nov 1994	71
RUTHVEN OF CANBERRA
8 Jan 1945	V	1	Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore‑Ruthven VC, 1st Baron Gowrie of Canberra Created Viscount Ruthven of Canberra and Earl of Gowrie 8 Jan 1945 See "Gowrie"	6 Jul 1872	2 May 1955	82
RUTHVEN OF ETTRICK
1639 to     2 Feb 1651	B[S]	1	Patrick Ruthven Created Baron Ruthven of Ettrick 1639, Earl of Forth 27 Mar 1642 and Earl of Brentford 27 May 1644 Peerages extinct on his death		2 Feb 1651
RUTHVEN OF GOWRIE
28 Oct 1919	B	1	Walter James Hore‑Ruthven, 9th Lord Ruthven Created Baron Ruthven of Gowrie 28 Oct 1919	14 Jun 1838	28 Feb 1921	82
28 Feb 1921		2	Walter Patrick Hore‑Ruthven, 10th Lord Ruthven	6 Jun 1870	16 Apr 1956	85
16 Apr 1956		3	(Alexander Patrick) Greysteil Ruthven He had previously (1955) succeeded as the 2nd Earl of Gowrie, with which title the barony remains merged	26 Nov 1939	24 Sep 2021	81
RUTLAND
25 Feb 1390 to     1 Aug 1402	E	1	Edward Plantagenet Created Earl of Rutland 25 Feb 1390 The Earldom was only valid during the lifetime of his father and thus became extinct on his father's death	1373	25 Oct 1415	42
18 Jun 1525	E	1	Thomas Manners, 13th Lord de Ros Created Earl of Rutland 18 Jun 1525 KG 1525	by 1492	20 Sep 1543
20 Sep 1543		2	Henry Manners Lord Lieutenant Nottingham 1552 and Rutland 1559; KG 1559	23 Sep 1526	17 Sep 1563	37
17 Sep 1563		3	Edward Manners Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1585; KG 1584	12 Jul 1548	14 Apr 1587	38
14 Apr 1587		4	John Manners	by 1552	24 Feb 1588
24 Feb 1588		5	Roger Manners Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1603‑1612	6 Oct 1576	26 Jun 1612	35
26 Jun 1612		6	Francis Manners Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1612; KG 1616 For further information on the deaths of this peer's two sons, see the note at the foot of this page	1578	17 Dec 1632	54
17 Dec 1632		7	George Manners MP for Grantham 1604‑1611 and 1624‑1626; Lord Lieutenant Derbyshire	c 1580	29 Mar 1641
29 Mar 1641		8	John Manners Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1667‑1677	10 Jun 1604	29 Sep 1679	75
29 Sep 1679 29 Mar 1703	D	9 1	John Manners Summoned to Parliament as Lord Manners de Haddon 30 Apr 1679. Created Marquess of Granby and Duke of Rutland 29 Mar 1703 MP for Leicestershire 1661‑1679; Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1677‑1687, 1689‑1703 and 1706‑1711	29 May 1638	10 Jan 1711	72
10 Jan 1711		2	John Manners MP for Derbyshire 1701, Leicestershire 1701‑1702 and 1710‑1711 and Grantham 1705‑1711; Lord Lieutenant Rutland 1712‑1715 and Leicester 1714‑1721; KG 1714	18 Sep 1676	22 Feb 1721	44
22 Feb 1721		3	John Manners MP for Rutland 1719‑1721; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1727‑1736; Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1721‑1779; KG 1722; PC 1727	21 Oct 1696	29 May 1779	82
29 May 1779		4	Charles Manners MP for Cambridge University 1774‑1779; Lord Privy Seal 1783‑1784; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1784‑1787; Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1779‑1787; KG 1782; PC 1783	15 Mar 1754	24 Oct 1787	33
24 Oct 1787		5	John Henry Manners Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1799‑1857; KG 1803	4 Jan 1778	20 Jan 1857	79
20 Jan 1857		6	Charles Cecil John Manners MP for Stamford 1837‑1852 and Leicestershire North 1852‑1857; Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1852‑1857 and Leicester 1857‑1888; KG 1867	16 May 1815	4 Mar 1888	72
4 Mar 1888		7	John James Robert Manners Created Baron Roos of Belvoir 17 Jun 1896 MP for Newark 1841‑1847, Colchester 1850‑1857, Leicestershire North 1857‑1885 and Melton 1885‑1888; Chief Commissioner of Works 1852, 1858‑1859 and 1868; Postmaster General 1874‑1880 and 1885‑1886; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1886‑1892; PC 1852; KG 1891	13 Dec 1818	4 Aug 1906	87
4 Aug 1906		8	Henry John Brinsley Manners MP for Melton 1888‑1895; Lord Lieutenant Leicester 1900‑1925; KG 1918 He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Baron Manners of Haddon 6 Jun 1896	16 Apr 1852	8 May 1925	73
8 May 1925		9	John Henry Montagu Manners	21 Sep 1886	22 Apr 1940	53
22 Apr 1940		10	Charles John Robert Manners	28 May 1919	3 Jan 1999	79
3 Jan 1999		11	David Charles Robert Manners	8 May 1959
RYDER OF EATON HASTINGS
15 Jul 1975 to     12 May 2003	B[L]		Sir Sydney Thomas Franklin Ryder Created Baron Ryder of Eaton Hastings for life 15 Jul 1975 Peerage extinct on his death	16 Sep 1916	12 May 2003	86
RYDER OF WARSAW
31 Jan 1979 to     2 Nov 2000	B[L]		Margaret Susan Cheshire Created Baroness Ryder of Warsaw for life 31 Jan 1979 Peerage extinct on her death	3 Jul 1924	2 Nov 2000	76
RYDER OF WENSUM
22 Nov 1997	B[L]		Richard Andrew Ryder Created Baron Ryder of Wensum for life 22 Nov 1997 MP for Norfolk Mid 1983‑1997; Economic Secretary to the Treasury 1989‑1990; Paymaster General 1990; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip 1990‑1995; PC 1990	4 Feb 1949

	The special remainder to the Earldom of Rosslyn
	From the London Gazette of 14 April 1801 (issue 15355, page 406):-
	The King has been pleased to grant the Dignity of an Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Right Honorable Alexander Lord Loughborough and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name, Style, and Title of Earl of Rosslyn, in the County of Mid Lothian, with Remainder to the Heirs Male, lawfully begotten, of the Body of Lady Janet Erskine, deceased, Sister to the said Alexander Lord Loughborough, and Widow of Sir Henry Erskine of Alva, Baronet.
	Francis Edward Scudamore St. Clair‑Erskine, styled Baron Loughborough, eldest son of the 5th Earl of Rosslyn (16 Nov 1892‑4 Aug 1929)
	Lord Loughborough died from injuries sustained in a fall, as reported in the Manchester Guardian of 5 August 1929:-
	Lord Loughborough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn, died in London yesterday morning. Lord Loughborough, who was 36, had been staying with friends at a house in Holland Street West, and early yesterday morning was found lying unconscious in the back garden, in his night clothes, having fallen from the fourth floor of the house where his bedroom was.
	The police and an ambulance were called, and he was taken to the nearest hospital. The Earl of Rosslyn, who was at Horsham, was summoned, and reached his son's bedside before the end.
	The body is lying at St. Mary Abbott's Hospital, Kensington, pending an inquest.
	Miss Violet Macdonald, one of the family living at the house where the tragedy occurred, said that Lord Loughborough was a friend of long standing. "He often visited us," she said. "Last night he came with a mutual friend, a doctor. They had had dinner, and Lord Loughborough was to spend the week-end with us. We sat down to have a game of cards and played 'rummy'. Our party, in addition to Lord Loughborough and the doctor, included my aunt and a lady from South Africa who is visiting her.
	"We played until about eleven o'clock, when the doctor left, and when we went upstairs Lord Loughborough was shown the room in which he was to sleep. It was my mother's room. She is now in the Highlands. He said he did not want to have it because he felt sure he was putting us to some inconvenience. We assured him that he was not, but he still persisted that he ought not to take that room. Eventually we fixed up another room for him, and then we all went to bed."
	Lord Loughborough had not appeared to be very well, and later their doctor friend returned.
	"Shortly afterwards came the discovery of the tragedy," continued Miss Macdonald. "The doctor heard a groan. My aunt and her friend went out into the back, and there found Lord Loughborough lying on the crazy paving beneath the window of his room. His room was on the fourth floor, and he had fallen quite thirty feet. We immediately sent for the police and an ambulance, and he was taken to hospital. Apparently there he regained consciousness for a little before he died.
	"It was a terrible shock to us, for he has been such a charming fellow, and we all liked him immensely. He brought several bags with him as he was going to stay the week-end, and I believe he was going on to stay somewhere else after he left us."
	Miss Macdonald's aunt said: "It is a most distressing thing. We were very fond of Lord Loughborough. About ten o'clock he used the phone to ring someone at Eastbourne, and he seemed a little upset when he came back. After the doctor had heard groaning and we went out into the back we saw Lord Loughborough lying on the crazy pavement. He was still moaning slightly, and his leg was fractured in two places."
	At the subsequent inquest Lord Loughborough was found to have committed suicide while he was of temporarily unsound mind.
	The special remainder to the Barony of Rossmore created in 1796
	From the London Gazette of 25 October 1796 (issue 13944, page 1017):-
	His Majesty's Royal Letter being received, granting the Dignity of a Baron of this Kingdom [i.e. Ireland] to the Right Honorable Robert Cuninghame, General in His Majesty's Forces, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name, Stile and Title of Lord Rossmore, of Monaghan, with Remainders respectively to Henry Alexander Nathaniel Jones, Esq; William Warner Westenra, Esq; and Henry Westenra, Esq; Grandsons of Mary Lady Blayney, deceased. Letters Patent are preparing to be passed under the Great Seal of this Kingdom accordingly.
	Robert Cuninghame, 1st Baron Rossmore
	Cuninghame was an army officer who rose to the rank of General and was Commander-in-Chief in Ireland between 1793 and 1796. In recognition of his services, he was created Baron Rossmore in 1796. Because he had no children, the title was granted a special remainder to his wife's nephews [see previous note]. Cuninghame's death was both sudden and unexpected.
	One of his neighbours was Sir Jonah Barrington, who is best remembered for his book Personal Sketches of his Own Times (3 vols, 1827‑1832) which contain vivid portraits of a number of his contemporaries. These books also contain the following passages:-
	This intimacy at Mount Kennedy [Rossmore's house] gave rise to an occurrence the most extraordinary and inexplicable of my whole existence … We [Barrington and his wife] retired to our chamber about twelve, and towards two in the morning I was awakened by a sound of a very extraordinary nature. I listened; it occurred first at short intervals, it resembled neither a voice nor an instrument, it was softer than any voice, and wilder than any music, and seemed to float in the air … At length I awakened Lady Barrington, who heard it as well as myself … We now went to a large window in our bedroom which looked directly upon a small garden underneath; the sound seemed to ascend from a grass-plot immediately below our window. Lady Barrington requested that I call up her maid … The sounds lasted for more than half an hour. At last a deep, throbbing sigh seemed to issue from the spot, and was shortly succeeded by a sharp but low cry, thrice repeated, of "Rossmore - Rossmore - Rossmore!" … The maid fled in terror … about a minute after, the sound died gradually away until all was silent.
	About seven the ensuing morning a strong rap at my chamber door awakened me … I went to the door, when my faithful servant, Lawler, exclaimed on the other side, 'O Lord, sir!' 'What is the matter?' Said I hurriedly. 'O sir!, Lord Rossmore's footman was running past the door in great haste and he told me that my lord had gone to bed in perfect health, but that about half-after two this morning his own man, hearing a noise … went to him and found him in the agonies of death …
	Barrington then realised that the triple repetition of Rossmore's name had coincided with the very moment of Rossmore's death.
	Derrick Warner William Westenra, 5th Baron Rossmore
	Lord Rossmore's recollections were published in 1912 under the title Things I Can Tell. The following [edited] review of these recollections appeared in the Hobart Mercury on 24 October 1912:-
	A sheaf of good stories are always worth passing on. The following were gleaned in the smoking-room of Lord Rossmore, a genial Irish peer, who was just published his "Recollections", or, rather, some of his recollections, under the title "Things I Can Tell". The whole book leaves one wondering as to the things Lord Rossmore cannot tell. It may be that they are reserved for a future volume. Lord Rossmore was a friend of the late King Edward [VII]. Since boyhood he has moved in what are known as the best circles. If there is little that is edifying in his book, there is much that is amusing, and little that is harmful. I give a few specimens of its observation and its humour as typical of the best type of British sportsman.
	Lord Rossmore tells an amusing Bacchanalian story dating from the time when he was a magistrate at Monaghan, and therefore, may be true.
	An old offender was asked - 'You here again?' 'Yes, your honour.' 'What's brought you here?' 'Two policemen, your honour.' 'Come, come, I know that - drunk again, I suppose?' 'Yes, your honour, both of them.'
	Irish stories naturally predominate in "Things I Can Tell". Here is one which has a topical interest in these days of accident insurance. It concerns a certain Lady Pilkington. A friend called upon her ladyship, accompanied by a poodle. Going out, the ladies chanced to meet an old beggar woman, whose appearance so annoyed the dog that it promptly bit the mendicant, whose howls and lamentations terrified kind-hearted Lady Pilkington. "Here, my poor woman, here's ten shillings for you," she said nervously tendering the coin.
	The old woman grabbed it, and then fell on her knees in the middle of the road, and started praying for all she was worth, regardless of mud or motors.
	"All people say the lower orders are irreligious and ungrateful," soliloquised her ladyship, who was quite touched by the exhibition.
	At last the supplications became more and more vehement and curiosity prompted the donor to inquire what special blessings were being invoked. "What are you praying for?" said she. The old vagrant stopped and looked at her sympathetic inquirer. "Sure an' I'm askin' the blessed saints to persuade the crathur to bite me on the other leg," she said.
	Another dog story was told by Consuela, Duchess of Manchester. It relates to the days when Pasteur was in the height of his fame, and everyone who was bitten by a dog went post haste to Paris for immediate inoculation.
	"A young American girl burst into the hotel room one day waving a letter in tremendous excitement and shouting - Hooray, hooray, ain't it glorious!" "What on earth's the matter?" asked everybody. "What's glorious?" "I'm just real happy," she cried, doing a dance around the room. "Here's Poppa been bitten by a mad dog, and we're off to Paris in the morning."
	Lord Rossmore tells the following good story of Sir John Ashley [presumably a misprint for Sir John Astley (1828‑1894), a well-known devotee of the Turf]: "I knew the Mate (Sir John Ashley) very well, and I remember how he used to tell a story about having his watch stolen at Epsom. Sir John had a curious habit of speaking about himself as 'Ashley', and he blended the third person singular with the first person in the most unusual way. This is how he used to narrate what happened: - 'Ashley went to the Derby, and I'm blessed if Ashley's ticker wasn't stolen from him. As it had been given me, and I prized it, I went to the head pick-pocket, with whom I was acquainted, and said 'See here, they've taken Ashley's ticker.' The man blushed. 'Good Lord, you don't mean it, Sir John?' he stammered. 'Will you have the goodness to just wait 'ere? I'll be back in a jiffy.' He was back in three minutes with Ashley's ticker, which he handed over, saying, most humbly, as he did so, 'I 'ope, Sir John, you'll accept the apologies of the 'ole fraternity; it was quite a mistake, and it was done by a noo beginner."
	The Rothes peerage
	The Leslie family traces its ancestry back to the 11th century when Bartolf or Berthold, a Hungarian nobleman, accompanied Margaret, the intended wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland, in her travels to Scotland. Malcolm III (who had the sobriquet Canmore, meaning "big-head" or "long-neck") is traditionally associated with the defeat of Macbeth in Shakespeare's play. Margaret was canonised by the Church in 1250.
	Bartolf appears to have won great favour from Malcolm III, marrying the King's sister, Beatrix and being granted extensive lands, particularly around Lesslyn in Aberdeenshire, from whence the family took its name. Bartolf was also Chamberlain to Queen Margaret, and it is said that on one occasion, it being his duty to carry the Queen on his own horse whenever she travelled, they were crossing a swollen stream when the horse stumbled, and the Queen nearly fell off. She saved herself by grabbing hold of Bartolf's buckle, asking "gin the buckle bide?" ("will the buckle hold?"). Bartolf implored her to "grip fast". After this incident, Bartolf had two extra buckles added to his belt. The three buckles have ever since been incorporated into the family's coat of arms, which also contains the motto "Grip fast".
	The 7th Earl was a great favourite of King Charles II, who created him first (and only) Duke of Rothes in 1680. When the Duke died the following year, Charles II decreed that since the Duke had died in the service of his King, he should be buried with all the ceremony befitting the death of a monarch. Accordingly, the Duke's body was transported, with great ceremony, from Edinburgh to Fife, at a huge cost. King Charles forgot to pay the bill, and died before it could be collected from him, and his successor, James II, refused to honour the debt. As a result, the family was forced to mortgage the estates and spent the next 200 years in paying off the debt.
	The Earldom can descend through the female line, with the result that there have been five Countesses of Rothes in their own right.
	One of these Countesses was Henrietta Anne Leslie, 14th in line. While a young girl, she fell in love with George Gwyther, an illiterate gardener employed by her father on his estates. They married secretly in 1806, when she was only 16, and the marriage remained secret until she succeeded to her father's titles eleven years later. Her husband changed his surname to Leslie so as to retain the ancient family name.
	Another Countess (although not in her own right) deserves notice. She was Noel Dyer‑Edwardes, who married the 19th Earl of Rothes in 1900. In April 1912, the Countess was aboard the ill-fated Titanic on its maiden voyage, and after the liner had struck the iceberg, she acquitted herself admirably. According to a report in the New York Times of 20 April 1912:-
	One able bodied seaman who shipped aboard the Titanic when she left Southampton is tired and a little listless and subdued from the things he lived through last Monday, but his eyes light up and his speech becomes animated when you ask him what part the women played in the trying hours after the Titanic sank.
	"There was a woman in my boat as was a woman," he said yesterday, straitening her honor. "She was the Countess of Rothes, and let me tell you about her. I was one of those who were ordered to man the boats, and my place was in No. 8. There were thirty five of us in that boat, mostly women, but there were some men along.
	"I was in command, but I had to row, and I wanted someone at the tiller. And I saw the way she was carrying herself, and I heard the quiet, determined way she spoke to the others, and I knew she was more of a man than any we had on board. And I put her in command. I put her at the tiller, and she was at the tiller when the Carpathia came along five hours later."
	The Earls of Rothes also hold an unusual hereditary prerogative, in that they hold the right to remove the sovereign's boots on his return from any state function or ceremony which takes place in Scotland.
	Walter Runciman, 1st Baron Runciman
	The following biography of Lord Runciman appeared in the September 1965 issue of the Australian monthly magazine Parade:-
	One foggy day in March 1865, the collier-brig Blake lay becalmed in the North Sea. Usually employed on the east coast of England, her master seldom ventured out of sight of land. This trip, however, she was bound for Rotterdam and the skipper had no idea how to get there. At that time, before the Education Act of 1870, illiteracy was common in England and many coastal captains could scarcely write their own names. When the captain of the Blake admitted he did not know where they were, nor in which direction Rotterdam might lie, the mate suggested that the chart might help. Although by no means optimistic, the skipper ordered the 17-year-old apprentice, Walter Runciman, to bring all the charts he could find. When the lad rummaged out a ragged chart of the North Sea which obviously hadn't been consulted for years, the shipmaster became panic-stricken. "There'll be no Rotterdam for us this trip," he proclaimed in despairing tones. "The bloody rats have eaten Holland."
	Luckily for the Blake, young Runciman, who was studying navigation in his brief moments of leisure, owned a cheap atlas. With its aid, the advice of the cook who had been to Rotterdam before, and the captain's combination of experience and instinct, the collier reached her destination. But the incident, typical of much North Sea navigation a century ago, stuck in Runciman's mind and reinforced his resolution to learn all he could about his trade. It was unlikely that he would ever command a ship, but if he did, at least he would know where he was going. His prospects of advancement were so bleak that his mother, who hated the sea, had warned him that he would either be drowned or finish up in a home for distressed sailors as many of her relatives had done. But Walter Runciman was indestructible. Nearly 80 adventurous years later he was still afloat - but in his own luxurious private yacht.
	Among the last of the great independent shipping magnates, he was one of the few who had climbed every rung of the ladder by their own efforts. Born in Dunbar, Scotland, in 1847, Runciman was the son of a schooner captain whose wife had persuaded him to take a coastguard's shore job at Cresswell on the coast of Northumberland. His most vivid childhood memories were of tremendous storms in the North Sea and of lifeboats putting out to take people from ships rolling themselves to pieces in the surf. Although every winter brought such disasters they had little effect on the youth of the district, where a man who had not been to sea was scarcely regarded as a man at all.
	On his twelfth birthday Runciman left home, trudged along the shore to the port of Blyth and shipped as cabin boy on the collier-barque Harperley, whose captain was proud of the nickname "Hellfire Jack". Runciman's mother had told him it was better to be a Russian serf than a sailor, but the young sailor soon discovered that she had understated the case. Entering or leaving port, his place was in the main chains heaving the lead and chanting the soundings. In port he cooked for the captain and mate, and put up with the consequences if he took too much skin off the potatoes. It was his job to scull the captain ashore and wait for him, all night if necessary, while Hellfire Jack spent a convivial evening in some waterside tavern.
	Other work being slack he was sent aloft to tar the stays, a hazardous and acrobatic feat for a boy of 12. It involved climbing down a rope while holding a tarpot and brush. If he spilled tar on the deck it meant a rope's-ending from Hellfire Jack. If he fell, the penalty was death. Arduous in fair weather, the life was almost intolerable during the northern winter when sails and rigging were stiff with ice and the spray that blew inboard froze on the men's clothing.
	The Harperley was mainly employed freighting coal to Scandinavian countries. From the North Sea came an abrupt transition to the tropics when the Harperley was chartered to take coal to East Africa and bring back a cargo of guano from the uninhabited Kuria Muria Islands, off the Arabian Coast [25 miles off the south-east coast of Oman]. No labour being available, the crew had to load the ship, shovelling the guano into baskets and manhandling it on board. It took more than a month to fill the holds, by which time heat, dust, bad water, worse food and incessant toil had put most of the men on the sick list. But Hellfire Jack regarded no man as ill while he could stand up. Dosing them with lime juice and Epsom salts, he carried on.
	Long before the ship returned to England, Runciman had had enough of the Harperley and her captain. The climax came when Hellfire Jack knocked him down and blackened both his eyes. Regarding this as a signal to leave, the boy deserted, laid low for a while and joined the brig Maid Of Athens. She, too, was a collier, but her master, Captain Davison, though not particularly competent, was at least goodhearted. One night during heavy weather in the Bay of Biscay the brig sprang a leak. Leaving the anxious mate in charge on deck, Davison went down to investigate. "Slip down behind him, boy," said the mate to Runciman. "If the old man keeps on swearing we'll be all right. But if he starts to pray we're done for." Fortunately the captain's language merely became stronger than usual and the Maid of Athens survived.
	Despite everything, Runciman regarded the sea as his vocation and had no desire to give it up for life ashore. Rated an AB at 18, he began studying for a master's certificate, a seemingly hopeless task for a boy with practically no education. When he was 20 he spent a month cramming with a tutor in London. Finally, after passing the examination, he got a berth as second mate, on the West India-bound ship Isabella. Formerly a notoriously violent man with a flow of profanity which startled even his crew, the captain of the Isabella had been converted by his own steward and swung so far to the opposite extreme that he held revival services on board. Declaring that he had found salvation, he urged all his men to do the same.
	A master mariner at the age of 22, Runciman soon won renown as one of the most able skippers on the high seas. Many of the sailors of his time refused to admit that the days of sail were drawing to an end but to Runciman the signs were clear. In 1877 he said farewell to windjammers and became captain of the 1750 ton steam freighter Coanwood. In 1885, when Runciman was still only 38, his doctor gave him bad tidings. According to the medico, his constitution had been undermined by 26 years at sea. But if he came ashore and took things easy he might hope for a few more years of life. Up to a point Runciman followed his advice. He came ashore, but instead of throwing up his hands, he put all his savings into a 1200-ton steamer, the Dudley, which had been lying in the Tyne River for several years. A composite vessel, she was equipped with both sails and engines. At once Runciman dispensed with the sails and refitted her with more efficient engines.
	The Dudley's first venture nearly proved ruinous. Securing a cargo for Russia, Runciman dispatched her to Archangel. The next thing he heard was that she had run down a Russian ship and was being detained by the authorities pending the payment of compensation. Scraping together all the money he could raise, he sent it to the British vice-consul at Archangel, who pocketed it and was never heard of again. After drawn-out negotiations conducted through the British Foreign Office, the Dudley was eventually released, but it was a long time before she earned what the vice-consul had made off with.
	Undeterred by this setback, Runciman battled on. When the trade slump of the late 1880s reduced the price of ships, he bought several cheaply and established the South Shields Steamship Company. He improved conditions for his crews to such a degree that one embittered competitor asserted that he should be thrown into the sea with a fire bar tied to his neck before he ruined the business. Although many thought Runciman was headed straight for bankruptcy, he prospered. When the South Shields line expanded into the Moor Company, the former cabin boy owned 25 steamers, most of them built to his specifications.
	The loyalty of Runciman's officers and crews astonished other shipowners, but he could be firm enough when necessary. One such occasion was when a captain bound for South America returned in record time with his cargo still under hatches. He explained that he had a vision in which he was warned that if he proceeded any further he would lose the ship. Runciman thought this was carrying superstition to preposterous lengths. "I had a vision too, captain," he said. "What's more, it's come true. In my vision, I saw you on the beach with all your dunnage and that's just where you're going to be."
	By 1914 Runciman, as chairman of both the Moor and the Anchor Lines, controlled more than 140 ships trading to all parts of the world. Reversing the normal order of things he followed his son into the House of Commons long after the younger Runciman had become a cabinet minister. But there was nothing orthodox about Runciman. He had gone to sea at the age of 12, became a famous yachtsman when he was 75 and crowned everything by joining the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve when he was 89.
	One of the last magnates of the Victorian era and one of the most genial, he was raised to the peerage shortly before he died in 1937. The veteran saw an immense panorama of maritime history during his 90 years. Born before the first clipper took the water, he lived long enough to be a guest at the launching of the 81,000-ton Queen Mary.
	John Francis Stanley Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
	Russell was tried in the House of Lords on a charge of bigamy on 18 July 1901. The indictment read that Russell had married, on 6 February 1890, Mabel Edith Scott, and, while still married to her, he married on 15 April 1900, at the Riverside Hotel in Reno, Nevada, Molly Cooke, otherwise known as Molly Somerville. Russell pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in Holloway.
	This was, however, not the first time that Russell had experienced marital difficulties. Within less than four months, he and Mabel had separated, and in less than a year Mabel filed an action for judicial separation on the grounds of alleged cruelty. The particulars of the action contained veiled accusations to the effect that Earl Russell had been guilty of immoral conduct with a Mr. >Herbert Roberts, the head mathematical master at Bath College. It was, however, proved that no such immoral conduct had taken place, Russell and Roberts were completely exonerated and Mabel's petition was denied.
	After her defeat, Mabel went to live with her mother, Lady Maria Selina Scott, widow of Sir Claude Scott, 4th baronet [1821]. The divorce proceedings were no sooner over than there appeared in a disreputable publication called The Hawk an account of an interview with Mabel which repeated the accusation of immoral conduct. In 1894, Mabel, who had sought the separation order in 1891, now filed a petition for restitution of conjugal rights, but Russell counter-petitioned claiming that "he was entitled to a judicial separation from his wife who had made such baseless and terrible charges against him - charges made, defeated, withdrawn, apologized for but, as soon as the trial was over, repeated in a newspaper."
	In the meantime, Lady Scott embarked upon a campaign to dig up any dirt she could find on Earl Russell, hiring detectives to do so. Three men were discovered who at one time were in Russell's employment and who signed false statements regarding Russell's behaviour. These statements were then circulated by Lady Scott.
	In January 1897, Lady Scott and her two remaining co-defendants (the other had died in the meantime) were found guilty of publishing false, malicious and defamatory libels against Earl Russell. Each defendant was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment.
	Earl Russell was finally divorced from Mabel Scott in 1901. He subsequently married twice more, both marriages ending in divorce.
	John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell
	Russell received his early education at his parents' experimental school in Hampshire where there were no compulsory lessons and where the children were encouraged to express themselves, often to the point of rudeness.
	He worked briefly for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, but after the failure of his marriage to Susan Lindsay (daughter of American poet Vachel Lindsay), he became a recluse. He occupied himself by writing and crocheting, including a pair of trousers which he crocheted out of string; 'It took a long time because I didn't have a pattern. I had to keep trying them on.'
	Russell's real claim to fame was, however, his remarkable speeches in the House of Lords, specially one classic speech made in 1978, in a debate on the victims of crime. He began by proposing that the police should be disbanded and replaced by the Salvation Army, who should give lawbreakers cups of tea. All prisons should be abolished as 'kindness and helping people is better than punishing them'. When there were rumblings of dissent from his fellow peers, he asked them; 'What are you? Soulless robots? The police ought to be totally prevented from ever molesting young people at all or ever putting them in gaols and raping them or putting them into brothels or sending them out to serve other people sexually against their wills.'
	He was by now getting warmed up. He continued, 'Working is wrong, being in any case the curse visited by God upon Adam … upper classes are right and should be restored to vogue … everybody should become a leisured aristocrat.' Some of his fellow peers were no doubt confused when he asserted that 'aristocrats are Marxist. The Lord Chancellor holds the Order of Lenin. The fulfilment of industrial life is Tonga and the South Sea Islands and not the satanic mills at all. Shops ought to supply goods without payment so that all motive for stealing vanishes.'
	On Women's Liberation he said that 'Women's Lib would be realised by girls being given a house of their own at the age of twelve, with three-quarters of the wealth of the State being given to the girls in houses of their own to support them; so that marriage would be abolished and a girl could have as many husbands as she liked'. As for Men's Lib; 'The men should receive the remaining quarter of the national wealth and can, if they like, live in communal huts'.
	Russell then pointed out that 'Mr Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter are really the same person. What makes it abundantly clear is the saying of "little Audrey" who laughed and laughed because she knew that only God could make a tree.'
	While on the subject of religion, 'there should be revolutions throughout Latin America, in accordance with the wish of His Holiness the Pope. Since the so-called Protestants who govern Britain are spiritless papal bum-boys, if they cannot take charge of themselves and find the spirit, the confidence and power to remove British arms and all Protestants from Ulster, they should find the said confidence and power to remove them … All soldiers and police throughout the Northern Hemisphere should disappear. They and their functions are no longer necessary and are out of date.'
	He also advocated that 'naked bathing on beaches or in rivers ought to be universal. Is it not better to defend the city before it is fallen? Better than to arrive too late and defend only what would have been, if it had not already gone.'
	In summing up, Russell said 'These points are the chief requirements for the future of the human race. They should be realised briskly and with discipline. Since the police and bourgeois bosses are and have been anti-aristocratical, the House of Lords is indisputably Marxist and inherits the banner of the Red Army of the Soviet Union.'
	Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (creation of 1894)
	The following biography of Lord Russell of Killowen appeared in the Australian monthly magazine Parade in its issue for December 1954:-
	There was uproar in the Irish village of Killowen. To add to the menace of starvation in a year of famine, a fence was being built round land long regarded as the village common. Too poor to pay for justice, an angry deputation of villagers stalked off to get the advice of young Charlie Russell, a local lad articled to a solicitor and counted right smart at the law. With the air of a High Court Judge, Charlie delivered his verdict. The fence was illegal, he said, and he stumped back to the village to help knock it down.
	Thus began, in 1849, the notable career of an Irish lad who became one of England's most distinguished Lord Chief Justices - who at the Bar and on the Bench, in the Commons and the Lords, was destined to play a leading part in most of the great judicial causes of the next fifty years. Appropriately enough, upon his elevation to the peerage he chose as his title that of "Baron Russell of Killowen".
	The Russells were an old Catholic family, originally Anglo-Normans, who had settled in Northern Ireland in the 12th century. Arthur Russell, Lord Russell's father, was a sea captain. As a young man he had fallen in love with a Margaret Mullan, the daughter of a Belfast merchant, but had had to give way to a rival. However, on the rival's death he had renewed his suit, this time successfully, and they were married in 1825, when he bought a brewery and settled down at Newry, in County Down, where Charles Russell was born on November 10, 1832.
	He had three elder sisters and a younger brother, all of whom entered the Church. His mother, a handsome, clever and strong-willed woman, brought up her ten children (there were also five from her first marriage) with Spartan discipline and saved them from being spoiled by their indulgent father. For a time the family was affluent enough to have a country home overlooking the village of Killowen; but the father died, the family returned to Newry, and Charles was put, at 17, to earning a living and was articled to his step-brother, a solicitor in Newry. Three years later, and shortly after his playing Solomon in the affair at Killowen, he transferred his articles to a solicitor in Belfast, where he was encouraged, after qualifying in 1854, to set up practice for himself as a solicitor by a Dr. Mulholland, whose wife was an old friend of his mother and whose daughter Ellen became his sweetheart.
	It was a troublous period when strife between the Orange and the Green waxed fierce. Young Russell had already become known for his interest in the nationalist Young Ireland movement and it was natural that his first clients would be Catholics involved in court proceedings following fracases with Orangemen. These cases brought him plenty of notoriety, but little monetary return, as most of his clients could not afford to pay fees. As a way of earning a living his Belfast practice was not a success. This, coupled with the thrill he found in the courtroom, compared with the monotony of office routine, turned his thoughts to the Bar. He resolved to seek admission as a barrister, and enrolled at Trinity College, Dublin, and two years later went to London to enter Lincoln's Inn.
	In 1858, when he passed his last examination, he returned to Ulster, married Ellen, and brought her to London, where they set up in a small house in Earl's Court. He had himself assigned to the northern circuit, and his uncle, Dr. Russell, president of Maynooth College, gave him introductions to some wealthy Irish merchants and a leading solicitor in Liverpool. This gave him a start - and a start was all he needed.
	He was handicapped by a temper which he was not always able to control, and, curiously enough, by a lack of fluency. But he made up for these defects by remarkable strength of personality. He was a big, well-built young man with a strong, striking face and a rich voice which never quite lost its native brogue. From his first appearance in the Passage Court - on whose procedure he published a book which became an authority - he did not look back, and for ten years his earnings averaged £3000 a year. In 1872, after two unsuccessful applications, he "took silk", and immediately entered the front rank of Q.C.s.
	Although his name was one to conjure with in Liverpool he was as yet unknown in London. But a judicial appointment left a gap in the small elite group who were the "leaders" of the Bar, and London's solicitors were looking for a new giant. In Russell they found him. By sheer determination he forged ahead, overtaking one rival after another, and for the next 20 years the history of the common-law Bar was the history of Charles Russell. He was in practically every case of any magnitude. From 1872 to 1882 he earned £10,000 a year, for the next decade £16,000 a year and in 1893, the year before his translation to the Bench, his fees book showed an income of £32,000.
	He was as painstaking in the smallest matters as in the most important. "I am a fool," he often told friends, "to knock myself out over a twopenny-halfpenny dispute," but immediately he would again be wearing himself out over some trivial brief. From a lad he had taken a keen interest in politics, and in Liverpool he had published a pamphlet on the Irish workhouses. It resulted in several major reforms, and won him considerable support among the Irish liberals, In 1880 he entered the Commons as a Liberal member for the Irish borough of Dundalk, which he had already contested twice unsuccessfully [in 1868 and 1874]. He was offered a judgeship, but declined it, his ambition being, he told friends, to become the first Catholic Attorney-General since the Reformation. This ambition he achieved in 1886 in Gladstone's cabinet, being awarded a knighthood at the same time.
	In the same year he figured in the famous case of Lord Campbell's suit for a divorce citing the Duke of Marlborough as a co-respondent. Russell, for Lady Campbell, cross-petitioned. Both petitions were dismissed, but for Russell the case was a personal triumph. In the 1885 elections he had transferred to a Liverpool constituency [not correct - he transferred to Hackney South, a London constituency]. That election gave Parnell, the Home Rule leader, virtual control of the House. Russell had not been an advocate of a separate Irish Parliament, believing that Home Rule should come gradually through land reform and a grant of local government - "from the bottom rather than the top".
	He now swung behind Parnell, both in and out of Parliament, and stumped the country vigorously campaigning for the cause of Home Rule. The bill was defeated, and the Liberals were routed in the ensuing elections; but Russell retained his seat. The next year a commission was appointed to enquire into allegations against Parnell and his party [made] by The Times. Russell, who held a retainer for the Times, returned it and appeared as leading counsel for Parnell. By brilliant and relentless cross-examination he forced an admission from The Times' main witness that an alleged letter of Parnell's, on which they had relied, was a forgery. The commission found on some points for and on some against the Irish members, but on the main issues Russell scored victories. His masterly summing-up speech is of historic interest as a survey of the Irish problem from the viewpoint of an Irish Liberal.
	In 1889 he was engaged in another cause celebre, the murder trial of Mrs. Maybrick. Assured of her innocence, Russell took her conviction to heart and with typical persistence he did not cease until her [his - she lived on until 1941] death 10 years later to try to prove that there had been a miscarriage of justice.
	Gladstone meanwhile had marked him out for the Chancellorship, the one office in England, apart from the Crown, which was - and still is ­ closed to Catholics. Gladstone tried to have the law altered but failed. [This situation continued until 1974, although, given that the Lord Chancellor has a number of ecclesiastical functions and, as a Catholic would therefore be conflicted when making decisions relating to the Church of England, it remains the law that if a Catholic is appointed as Lord Chancellor, his ecclesiastical functions may be temporarily transferred to the Prime Minister or another minister.] However, in May, 1894, there was a vacancy as a Lord of Appeal and Russell was appointed, being also given a life barony as Lord Russell of Killowen. A month later, on the death of Lord Coleridge, he was made Lord Chief Justice.
	He was one of the notable exceptions to the supposed rule that great advocates seldom make good judges. He was at his greatest on the Bench. Painstaking and tolerant, though the old Russell impatience sometimes broke out, he bent his powerful intellect in a determined effort to unravel the truth. He was no respecter of persons, and junior counsel were given the same considerate attention as veteran Q.C.s. He was popular with the Bar, and lawyers vied to have their actions tried by him. He made a strong bid to introduce a sadly lacking system of co-ordinated legal education.
	In 1896 he presided over the famous Jameson Raid Trial. A force led by Jameson had raided the South African Republic, been captured and handed over to British authorities and charged with invading a friendly state in violation of the Foreign Enlistment Act. It was a test of the Chief Justice's resolve that justice, however unpopular, must be done, and of his sense of public duty. After his summing up the jury returned the only verdict possible on the evidence: Guilty. In the same year he was invited to deliver the annual address to the American Bar Association on the subject of "International Arbitration". In 1899 he sat as one of the arbitrators in a dispute between England and Venezuela.
	In August, 1900, when on the Northern Circuit, he was suddenly taken ill. What was thought to have been a successful operation was performed, but at 3 a.m., on the following morning, August 10, he died. His death came as a surprise to the nation, for at the age of 67 he was as mentally and physically active as at any time in his career. His life had been one of intense action. Outside his public life and his strenuous work on Bench and Bar he had devoted himself to the interests of his large family. One major activity in his later years was a campaign to rid commercial life of the prevalent corruption, and he was responsible for the eventual introduction of legislation making illegal the acceptance of secret commissions.
	Sir Charles was the first of three successive generations of English legal giants, each of whom was raised to the peerage as Lord Russell of Killowen. His son, Francis Xavier Joseph Russell, was created Lord Russell of Killowen in 1929 when he was made a Lord of Appeal. In turn, his son Charles Ritchie Russell, was also created a peer as Lord Russell of Killowen when he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in 1975.
	The deaths of the two sons of Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland
	In Burke's Peerage, under the entry for Francis Manners, the 6th Earl of Rutland, the reader will see that the Earl had two sons, both of whom 'died an infant from alleged witchcraft'. The following account is taken from Anecdotes of the Aristocracy by J. Bernard Burke (Henry Colburn, London, 1849)
	In the church of Bottisford is the sepochal chapel of the Rutland family; and among the stately tombs is that of Francis Manners, Earl of Rutland, his Countess, and their two sons, Henry and Francis, which attracts more than ordinary attention, from the story attached to it in the church books. We give the extract …
	"When the Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Manners succeeded his brother, Roger, in the Earldom of Rutland [in 1612], and took possession of Belvoir [pronounced 'Beaver'] Castle, and of the estates belonging to the earldom, he took such honourable measures in the courses of his life, that he neither discharged servants, nor denied the access of the poor; but making strangers welcome, did all the good offices of a noble lord, by which he got the love and good will of the country, his noble Countess being of the same noble disposition. So that Belvoir Castle was a continual place of entertainment, especially to neighbours, where Joan Flower and her daughter were not only relieved at the first, but Joan was also admitted char-woman, and her daughter Margaret as a continual dweller in the castle, looking to the poultry abroad, and in the wash-house at home; and thus they continued until found guilty of some misdemeanour, which was discovered to the lady. The first complaint against Joan Flower, the mother, was, that she was a monstrous malicious woman, full of oaths, curses, and irreligious imprecations, and, as far as appeared, a plain atheist; as for Margaret, she was frequently accused of going from the castle and carrying provisions away in unreasonable quantities, and returning in such unseasonable hours, that they could not but conjecture at some mischief amongst them; and that their extraordinary expenses tended both to rob their lady, and served also to maintain some debauched and idle company which frequented Joan Flower's house. In some time, the Countess misliking her (Joan's) daughter, Margaret, and discovering some indecencies in her life, and the neglect of her business, discharged her from lying any more in the castle, yet gave her forty shillings, a bolster, and a mattress of wool, commanding her to go home. But at last these wretched women became so malicious and revengeful, that the Earl's family were sensible of their wicked dispositions; for, first, his eldest son Henry, Lord Ross, was taken sick after a strange manner, and in a little time died; and after Francis, Lord Ross, was severely tortured and tormented by them with a strange sickness, which caused his death. Also, and presently after, the Lady Catherine [the two boys' step-sister and later Baroness de Ros in her own right and Duchess of Buckingham] was set upon by their devilish practices, and very frequently in danger of her life, in strange and unusual fits, and, as they confessed, both the Earl and his Countess were so bewitched, that they should have no more children. In a little time after, they were apprehended and carried into Lincoln gaol, after due examination before sufficient justices and discreet magistrates. Joan Flower, before her conviction, called for bread and butter, and wished it might never go through her [i.e. that she would choke on it], if she were guilty of the matter she was accused of; and, upon mumbling of it in her mouth, she never spake more, but fell down, and died as she was carried to Lincoln Gaol, being extremely tormented both in soul and body and was buried at Ancaster."
	The examination of Margaret Flower, the 22nd of January, 1618.
	"She confessed that about four years since, her mother sent her for the right hand glove of Henry Lord Ross, and afterwards her mother bid her go again to the castle of Belvoir, and bring down the other glove, or some other thing of Henry Lord Ross; and when she asked her for what, her mother answered, To hurt my Lord Ross. Upon which she brought down the glove, and gave it to her mother, who stroked Rutterkin, her cat (the Imp) with it, after it was dipped in hot water, and, so, pricked it often; after which Henry Lord Ross fell sick, and soon after died. She further said, that, finding a glove about two or three years since of Francis Lord Ross, she gave it to her mother, who put it into hot water, and afterwards took it out, and rubbed it on Rutterkin (the Imp), and bid him go upwards, and afterwards buried it the yard, and said 'a mischief light on him, but he will mend again'. She further confessed that her mother and her[self] and her sister agreed together to bewitch the Earl and his lady, that they might have no more children, and being asked the cause of this malice and ill-will, she said, that about four years since, the Countess, taking a dislike to her, gave her forty shillings, a bolster, and a mattress, and bid her be at home, and come no more to dwell at the castle; which she not only took ill, but grudged it in her heart very much, swearing to be revenged upon her; on which her mother took wool out of the mattress, and a pair of gloves which were given her by Mr. Vovason, and put them into warm water, mingling them with some blood, and stirring it together; then she took them out of the water, and rubbed them on the belly of Rutterkin, saying 'the lord and lady would have children, but it would be long first'. She further confessed, that by her mother's command, she brought to her a piece of a handkerchief of the Lady Catherine, the Earl's daughter, and her mother put it into hot water, and then, taking it out, rubbed it upon Rutterkin, bidding him 'fly and go;' whereupon Rutterkin whined and cried 'Mew' upon which the said Rutterkin had no more power of the Lady Catherine to hurt her.
	"Margaret Flower, and Phillis [in some sources, Philippa] Flower, the daughters of Jane Flower, were executed [by being burnt at the stake] at Lincoln, for witchcraft, March 12, 1618.
	"Whoever reads this history should consider the ignorance and dark superstition of those times; but certainly these women were vile, abandoned wretches, to pretend to do such wicked things.
	"'Seek ye not unto them that have familiar spirits, nor wizards, nor unto witches that peep and that mutter; should not a people seek unto their God?' - Isaiah viii 19."

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