PEERAGES
Last updated 12/07/2018 (23 Jan 2024)
Date	Rank	Order	Name	Born	Died	Age
ALCESTER
24 Nov 1882 to     30 Mar 1895	B	1	Sir Frederick Beauchamp Paget Seymour Created Baron Alcester 24 Nov 1882 Peerage extinct on his death	12 Apr 1821	30 Mar 1895	73
ALDBOROUGH
7 Apr 1722 to     16 Sep 1778	B[L]		Melusina von der Schulenberg Created Baroness of Aldborough and Countess of Walsingham for life 7 Apr 1722 Peerages extinct on her death	c 1693	16 Sep 1778
22 Jul 1776 9 Feb 1777	V[I] E[I]	1 1	John Stratford Created Baron of Baltinglass 21 May 1763, Viscount Aldborough 22 Jul 1776, Viscount Amiens and Earl of Aldborough 9 Feb 1777 MP [I] for Baltinglass 1721‑1763 for further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	10 Aug 1697	29 May 1777
29 May 1777		2	Edward Augustus Stratford MP [I] for Baltinglass 1759‑1768 and 1775‑1777; MP for Taunton 1774‑1775; Lord Lieutenant Wicklow for further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	1734	2 Jan 1801	66
2 Jan 1801		3	John Stratford MP [I] for Baltinglass 1763‑1776 and 1790‑1800, and Wicklow County 1776‑1790 for further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	c 1740	7 Mar 1823
7 Mar 1823		4	Benjamin O'Neale Stratford MP [I] for Baltinglass 1777‑1783 and 1790‑1800	1746	11 Jul 1833	87
11 Jul 1833		5	Mason Gerard Stratford	8 Jul 1784	8 Oct 1849	65
8 Oct 1849 to     19 Dec 1875		6	Benjamin O'Neale Stratford Peerages extinct on his death for further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	10 Jun 1808	19 Dec 1875	67
ALDEBURGH
8 Jan 1371	B	1	William de Aldeburgh Summoned to Parliament as Baron Aldeburgh 8 Jan 1371		1388
1388 to     30 Aug 1391		2	William de Aldeburgh Peerage presumed to have fallen into abeyance on his death		30 Aug 1391
ALDENHAM
31 Jan 1896	B	1	Henry Hucks Gibbs Created Baron Aldenham 31 Jan 1896 MP for London 1891‑1892; Governor of the Bank of England 1875‑1877	31 Aug 1819	13 Sep 1907	88
13 Sep 1907		2	Alban George Henry Gibbs MP for London 1892‑1906	23 Apr 1846	9 May 1936	90
9 May 1936		3	George Henry Beresford Gibbs	9 Jan 1879	21 Mar 1939	60
21 Mar 1939		4	Walter Durant Gibbs He had previously [1935] succeeded as 2nd Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon. The peerages remain merged	11 Aug 1888	30 May 1969	80
30 May 1969		5	Antony Durant Gibbs (also 3rd Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon)	18 May 1922	25 Jan 1986	63
25 Jan 1986		6	Vicary Tyser Gibbs (also 4th Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon)	9 Jun 1948
ALDERDICE
8 Oct 1996	B[L]		John Thomas Alderdice Created Baron Alderdice for life 8 Oct 1996	28 Mar 1955
ALDERNEY
27 Jul 1726 31 Oct 1765	B	1	HRH William Augustus Created Baron of Alderney, Viscount Trematon, Earl of Kennington, Marquess of Berkhampstead and Duke of Cumberland 27 Jul 1726 Second son of George II; KG 1730; PC 1746 See "Cumberland"	15 Apr 1721	31 Oct 1765	44
17 Jul 1917	V	1	Louis Alexander Mountbatten Created Viscount Alderney, Earl of Medina and Marquess of Milford Haven 17 Jul 1917 See "Milford Haven"	14 May 1854	11 Sep 1921	67
ALDINGTON
29 Jan 1962	B	1	Sir Toby Austin Richard William Low Created Baron Aldington 29 Jan 1962 MP for Blackpool North 1945‑1962; Minister of State, Board of Trade 1954‑1957; PC 1954 Created Baron Low for life 16 Nov 1999	25 May 1914	7 Dec 2000	86
7 Dec 2000		2	Charles Harold Stuart Low	22 Jun 1948
ALEXANDER OF HILLSBOROUGH
27 Jan 1950 30 Jan 1963 to     11 Jan 1965	V E	1 1	Albert Victor Alexander Created Viscount Alexander of Hillsborough 27 Jan 1950, and Baron Weston-super-Mare and Earl Alexander of Hillsborough 30 Jan 1963 MP for Hillsborough 1922‑1931 and 1935‑1950; First Lord of the Admiralty 1929‑1931, 1940‑1945 and 1945‑1946; Minister of Defence 1947‑1950; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1950‑1951; PC 1929; CH 1941; KG 1964 Peerages extinct on his death	1 May 1885	11 Jan 1965	79
ALEXANDER OF POTTERHILL
2 Sep 1974 to     8 Sep 1993	B[L]		Sir William Picken Alexander Created Baron Alexander of Potterhill for life 2 Sep 1974 Peerage extinct on his death	13 Dec 1905	8 Sep 1993	87
ALEXANDER OF TULLIBODY
4 Sep 1630 14 Jun 1633	B[S] B[S]	1 1	William Alexander Created Lord Alexander of Tullibody 4 Sep 1630 and again 14 Jun 1633 He was created Earl of Stirling in 1633 with which title these peerages then merged until 1739 when the peerages became dormant	c 1567	Feb 1640
ALEXANDER OF TUNIS
1 Mar 1946 11 Mar 1952	V E	1 1	Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander Created Viscount Alexander of Tunis 1 Mar 1946 and Baron Rideau and Earl Alexander of Tunis 11 Mar 1952 Field Marshal 1944; Governor-General of Canada 1946‑1952; Minister of Defence 1952‑1954; Lord Lieutenant of London 1957‑1965 and Greater London 1965‑1966; KG 1946; PC 1952; OM 1960	10 Dec 1891	16 Jun 1969	77
16 Jun 1969		2	Shane William Desmond Alexander	30 Jun 1935
ALEXANDER OF WEEDON
11 Jul 1988 to     6 Nov 2005	B[L]		Robert Scott Alexander Created Baron Alexander of Weedon for life 11 Jul 1988 Peerage extinct on his death	5 Sep 1936	6 Nov 2005	69
ALFORD
24 Dec 1698	B	1	Henry D'Auverquerque Created Baron of Alford, Viscount of Boston and Earl of Grantham 24 Dec 1698 Peerages extinct on his death	c 1675	5 Dec 1754
27 Nov 1815	V	1	John Cust, 2nd Baron Brownlow Created Viscount Alford and Earl Brownlow 27 Nov 1815 See "Brownlow"	19 Aug 1779	15 Sep 1853	74
ALINGTON
28 Jul 1642	B[I]	1	William Alington Created Baron Alington [I] 28 Jul 1642		25 Oct 1648
25 Oct 1648		2	Giles Alington		20 Mar 1659
20 Mar 1659 5 Dec 1682	B	3 1	William Alington Created Baron Alington [E] 5 Dec 1682 MP for Cambridge 1664‑1685; Lord Lieutenant Cambridge 1681‑1685	c 1634	1 Feb 1685
1 Feb 1685		4	Giles Alington English peerage extinct on his death	4 Oct 1680	18 Sep 1691	10
18 Sep 1691 to     Feb 1723		5	Hildebrand Alington Irish peerage extinct on his death	3 Aug 1641	Feb 1723	81
15 Jan 1876	B	1	Henry Gerard Sturt Created Baron Alington 15 Jan 1876 MP for Dorchester 1847‑1856 and Dorset 1856‑1876	16 May 1825	17 Feb 1904	78
			For further information on Lord Alington's "White Farm" see the note at the foot of this page
17 Feb 1904		2	Humphrey Napier Sturt MP for Dorset East 1891‑1904	20 Aug 1859	30 Jul 1919	59
30 Jul 1919 to     17 Sep 1940		3	Napier George Henry Sturt Peerage extinct on his death	4 Nov 1896	17 Sep 1940	43
ALLAN OF HALLAM
22 Jul 2010	B[L]		Richard Beecroft Allan Created Baron Allan of Hallam for life 22 Jul 2010 MP for Hallam 1997‑2005	11 Feb 1966
ALLAN OF KILMAHEW
16 Jul 1973 to     4 Apr 1979	B[L]		Robert Alexander Allan Created Baron Allan of Kilmahew for life 16 Jul 1973 MP for Paddington South 1951‑1966 Peerage extinct on his death	11 Jul 1914	4 Apr 1979	64
ALLANSON
14 Nov 1797	B[I]	1	George Winn Created Lord Headley, Baron Allanson and Winn 14 Nov 1797 See "Headley"	1725	9 Apr 1798	72
ALLEN
28 Aug 1717	V[I]	1	John Allen Created Baron Allen and Viscount Allen 28 Aug 1717 MP [I] for Dublin County 1692‑1693, 1703‑1713, 1715‑1717, Carlow County 1695‑1699 and Wicklow County 1713‑1715; PC [I] 1714	13 Feb 1661	8 Nov 1726	65
8 Nov 1726		2	Joshua Allen MP [I] for Kildare County 1709‑1726; PC [I] 1727	12 May 1685	5 Dec 1742	57
5 Dec 1742		3	John Allen MP [I] for Carysfort 1733‑1743	11 Jun 1713	25 May 1745	31
25 May 1745		4	John Allen MP [I] for Wicklow County 1742‑1745	by 1720	10 Nov 1753
10 Nov 1753		5	Joshua Allen MP for Eye 1762‑1770	26 Apr 1728	1 Feb 1816	87
1 Feb 1816 to     21 Sep 1845		6	Joshua William Allen Peerage extinct on his death		21 Sep 1845
ALLEN OF ABBEYDALE
12 Jul 1976 to     27 Nov 2007	B[L]		Sir Philip Allen Created Baron Allen of Abbeydale for life 12 Jul 1976 Peerage extinct on his death	8 Jul 1912	27 Nov 2007	95
ALLEN OF FALLOWFIELD
10 Jul 1974 to     14 Jan 1985	B[L]		Alfred Walter Henry Allen Created Baron Allen of Fallowfield for life 10 Jul 1974 Peerage extinct on his death	7 Jul 1914	14 Jan 1985	70
ALLEN OF HURTWOOD
18 Jan 1932 to     3 Mar 1939	B	1	Reginald Clifford Allen Created Baron Allen of Hurtwood 18 Jan 1932 Peerage extinct on his death	9 May 1889	3 Mar 1939	49
ALLEN OF KENSINGTON
2 Oct 2013	B[L]		Sir Charles Lamb Allen Created Baron Allen of Kensington for life 2 Oct 2013	4 Jan 1957
ALLENBY
7 Oct 1919	V	1	Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby Created Viscount Allenby 7 Oct 1919 Field Marshal 1919 For details of the special remainder included in the creation of this peerage, see the note at the foot of this page	23 Apr 1861	14 May 1936	75
14 May 1936		2	Dudley Jaffray Hynman Allenby	8 Jan 1903	17 Jul 1984	81
17 Jul 1984		3	Michael Jaffray Hynman Allenby [Elected hereditary peer 1999‑2014]	20 Apr 1931	3 Oct 2014	83
3 Oct 2014		4	Henry Jaffray Hynman Allenby	29 Jul 1968
ALLENDALE
20 Jul 1906	B	1	Wentworth Blackett Beaumont Created Baron Allendale 20 Jul 1906 MP for Northumberland South 1852‑1885 and Tyneside 1886‑1892	11 Apr 1829	13 Feb 1907	77
13 Feb 1907 5 Jul 1911	V	2 1	Wentworth Canning Beaumont Created Viscount Allendale 5 Jul 1911 MP for Hexham 1895‑1907; PC 1907	2 Dec 1860	12 Dec 1923	63
12 Dec 1923		2	Wentworth Henry Canning Beaumont Lord Lieutenant Northumberland 1949‑1956, KG 1951	6 Aug 1890	16 Dec 1956	66
16 Dec 1956		3	Wentworth Hubert Charles Beaumont	12 Sep 1922	27 Dec 2002	80
27 Dec 2002		4	Wentworth Peter Ismay Beaumont	13 Nov 1948
ALLERTON
17 Jul 1902	B	1	William Lawies Jackson Created Baron Allerton 17 Jul 1902 MP for Leeds 1880‑1885 and Leeds North 1885‑1902; Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1885‑1886 and 1886‑1891; Chief Secretary for Ireland 1891‑1892; PC 1890; PC [I] 1891	16 Feb 1840	4 Apr 1917	77
4 Apr 1917		2	George Herbert Jackson	20 Jan 1867	29 Jan 1925	58
29 Jan 1925 to     1 Jul 1991		3	George William Lawies Jackson Peerage extinct on his death	23 Jul 1903	1 Jul 1991	87
ALLI
18 Jul 1998	B[L]		Waheed Alli Created Baron Alli for life 18 Jul 1998	16 Nov 1964
ALLIANCE
1 Jul 2004	B[L]		Sir David Alliance Created Baron Alliance for life 1 Jul 2004	15 Jun 1932
ALNESS
27 Jun 1934 to     6 Oct 1955	B	1	Robert Munro Created Baron Alness 27 Jun 1934 MP for Wick District 1910‑1918 and Roxburgh & Selkirk 1918‑1922; Lord Advocate 1913‑1916; Secretary of State for Scotland 1916‑1922; PC 1913 Peerage extinct on his death	28 May 1868	6 Oct 1955	87
ALPORT
16 Feb 1961 to     28 Oct 1998	B[L]		Cuthbert James McCall Alport Created Baron Alport for life 16 Feb 1961 MP for Colchester 1950‑1961; Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations 1959‑1961; PC 1960 Peerage extinct on his death	22 Mar 1912	28 Oct 1998	86
ALTAMONT
4 Dec 1771	E[I]	1	John Browne Created Baron Monteagle 10 Sep 1760, Viscount Westport 24 Aug 1768 and Earl of Altamont 4 Dec 1771 MP [I] for Castlebar 1744‑1760	1709	4 Jul 1776	67
4 Jul 1776		2	Peter Browne MP [I] for Mayo County 1761‑1768	1731	28 Dec 1780	49
28 Dec 1780		3	John Dennis Browne He was created Marquess of Sligo 24 Dec 1800	11 Jun 1756	2 Jan 1809	52
ALTHAM
14 Feb 1681	B[I]	1	Altham Annesley Created Baron Altham 14 Feb 1681		26 Apr 1699
26 Apr 1699		2	James George Annesley		1700
1700		3	Richard Annesley	1655	19 Nov 1701	46
19 Nov 1701		4	Arthur Annesley	1689	14 Nov 1727	38
			For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page.
14 Nov 1727		5	Richard Annesley He succeeded to the Earldom of Anglesey in 1737. On his death the Earldom became extinct	c 1691	14 Feb 1761
			For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page.
14 Feb 1761		6	Arthur Annesley He was created Earl of Mountnorris 3 Dec 1793	7 Aug 1744	4 Jul 1816	71
4 Jul 1816 to     23 Jul 1844		7	George Annesley, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris Peerages extinct on his death	2 Nov 1769	23 Jul 1844	75
ALTHORP
1 Nov 1765	V	1	John Spencer Created Baron and Viscount Spencer 3 Apr 1761 and Viscount Althorp and Earl Spencer 1 Nov 1765 See "Spencer"	19 Dec 1734	31 Oct 1783	48
19 Dec 1905	V	1	Charles Robert Spencer Created Viscount Althorp 19 Dec 1905 He succeeded to the Earldom of Spencer in 1910 with which title this peerage then merged	30 Oct 1857	16 Sep 1922	64
ALTMANN
19 May 2015	B[L]		Rosalind Miriam Altmann Created Baroness Altmann for life 19 May 2015	8 Apr 1956
ALTON
30 Apr 1694 to     1 Feb 1718	M	1	Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Shrewsburybr>Created Marquess of Alton and Duke of Shrewsbury 30 Apr 1694 Dukedom and Marquessate extinct on his death See "Shrewsbury"	24 Jul 1660	1 Feb 1718	57
ALTON OF LIVERPOOL
12 Jun 1997	B[L]		David Patrick Paul Alton Created Baron Alton of Liverpool for life 12 Jun 1997 MP for Edge Hill 1979‑1983 and Mossley Hill 1983‑1997	15 Mar 1951
ALTRIE
29 Jul 1587	B[S]	1	Robert Keith Created Lord Altrie 29 Jul 1587		c 1593
c 1593		2	George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal He had previously succeeded as 5th Earl Marischal with which title this peerage then merged until its forfeiture in 1716	1554	2 Apr 1623	68
ALTRINCHAM
1 Aug 1945	B	1	Sir Edward William Macleay Grigg Created Baron Altrincham 1 Aug 1945 MP for Oldham 1922‑1925 and Altrincham 1933‑1945; Governor of Kenya 1925‑1930; PC 1944	8 Sep 1879	1 Dec 1955	76
1 Dec 1955 to     31 Jul 1963		2	John Edward Poynder Grigg He disclaimed the peerage for life 31 Jul 1963	15 Apr 1924	31 Dec 2001	77
31 Dec 2001		3	Anthony Ulick David Dundas Grigg	12 Jan 1934	1 Aug 2020	86
1 Aug 2020		4	Edward Sebastian Grigg [Elected hereditary peer 2021-]	18 Dec 1965
ALVANLEY
22 May 1801	B	1	Sir Richard Pepper Arden Created Baron Alvanley 22 May 1801 MP for Newtown, Isle of Wight 1783‑1784, Aldborough 1784‑1790, Hastings 1790‑1794 and Bath 1794‑1801; Solicitor General 1782‑1783;, Master of the Rolls 1788; Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1801; PC 1788	20 May 1744	19 Mar 1804	59
19 Mar 1804		2	William Arden	8 Jan 1789	16 Nov 1849	60
16 Nov 1849 to     24 Jun 1857		3	Richard Pepper Arden Peerage extinct on his death	8 Dec 1792	24 Jun 1857	64
ALVERSTONE
18 Jun 1900 24 Nov 1913 to     15 Dec 1915	B V	1 1	Sir Richard Everard Webster, 1st baronet Created Baron Alverstone 18 Jun 1900 and Viscount Alverstone 24 Nov 1913 MP for Launceston 1885 and Isle of Wight 1885‑1900; Attorney General 1885, 1886‑1892 and 1895‑1900; Master of the Rolls 1900; Lord Chief Justice 1900‑1913; PC 1900 Peerages extinct on his death	22 Dec 1842	15 Dec 1915	72
ALVINGHAM
10 Jul 1929	B	1	Robert Daniel Thwaites Yerburgh Created Baron Alvingham 10 Jul 1929 MP for Dorset South 1922‑1929	10 Dec 1889	27 Nov 1955	65
27 Nov 1955		2	Robert Guy Eardley Yerburgh	16 Dec 1926	29 Mar 2020	93
29 Mar 2020		3	Robert Richard Guy Yerburgh	10 Dec 1956
AMBERLEY
30 Jul 1861	V	1	Lord John Russell Created Viscount Amberley and Earl Russell 30 Jul 1861 See "Russell"	18 Aug 1792	28 May 1878	85
AMERY OF LUSTLEIGH
8 Jul 1992 to     3 Sep 1996	B[L]		Harold Julian Amery Created Baron Amery of Lustleigh for life 8 Jul 1992 MP for Preston North 1950‑1966 and Brighton Pavilion 1969‑1992; Minister of Aviation 1962‑1964; Minister of Public Building and Works 1970; Minister for Housing & Construction 1970‑1972; Minister of State, Foreign & Commonwealth Office 1972‑1974; PC 1960 Peerage extinct on his death	27 Mar 1919	3 Sep 1996	77
AMESBURY
16 May 1832 to     7 Jul 1832	B	1	Charles Dundas Created Baron Amesbury 16 May 1832 MP for Richmond 1775‑1780 and 1784‑1786, Orkney & Shetland 1781‑1784 and Berkshire 1794‑1832 Peerage extinct on his death	5 Aug 1751	7 Jul 1832	80
AMHERST
20 May 1776 6 Sep 1788 to     3 Aug 1797	B B	1 1	Sir Jeffrey Amherst Created Baron Amherst 20 May 1776 and 6 Sep 1788 For details of the special remainder included in the creation of the Barony of 1788, see the note at the foot of this page Field Marshal 1796; PC 1772 On his death in 1797, the creation of 1776 became extinct, but the creation of 1788 passed to -	29 Jan 1717	3 Aug 1797	80
3 Aug 1797 19 Dec 1826	E	2 1	William Pitt Amherst Created Viscount Holmesdale and Earl Amherst 19 Dec 1826 Governor General of India 1822‑1828; PC 1815	14 Jan 1773	13 Mar 1857	84
13 Mar 1857		2	William Pitt Amherst MP for East Grinstead 1829‑1832	3 Sep 1805	26 Mar 1886	80
26 Mar 1886		3	William Archer Amherst MP for Kent West 1859‑1868 and Kent Mid 1868‑1880 He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Baron Amherst 17 Apr 1880	26 Mar 1836	14 Aug 1910	74
14 Aug 1910		4	Hugh Amherst	30 Jan 1856	7 Mar 1927	71
7 Mar 1927 to     4 Mar 1993		5	Jeffrey John Archer Amherst Peerages extinct on his death	13 Dec 1896	4 Mar 1993	96
AMHERST OF HACKNEY
26 Aug 1892	B	1	William Amhurst Tyssen-Amherst Created Baron Amherst of Hackney 26 Aug 1892 For details of the special remainder included in the creation of this peerage, see the note at the foot of this page MP for Norfolk West 1880‑1885 and Norfolk South West 1885‑1892	25 Apr 1835	16 Jan 1909	73
16 Jan 1909		2	Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil	25 Apr 1857	21 Dec 1919	62
21 Dec 1919		3	William Alexander Evering Cecil	31 May 1912	22 Jul 1980	68
22 Jul 1980		4	William Hugh Amherst Cecil	28 Dec 1940	2 Apr 2009	68
2 Apr 2009		5	Hugh William Amherst Cecil	17 Jul 1968
AMIENS
9 Feb 1777	V[I]	1	John Stratford Created Baron of Baltinglass 21 May 1763, Viscount Aldborough 22 Jul 1776, Viscount Amiens and Earl of Aldborough 9 Feb 1777 See "Aldborough"	c 1691	29 May 1777
AMMON
31 Jan 1944 to     2 Apr 1960	B	1	Charles George Ammon Created Baron Ammon 31 Jan 1944 MP for Camberwell North 1922‑1931 and 1935‑1944; PC 1945 Peerage extinct on his death	22 Apr 1873	2 Apr 1960	86
AMORY
1 Sep 1960 to     20 Jan 1981	V	1	Derick Heathcoat-Amory Created Viscount Amory 1 Sep 1960 MP for Tiverton 1945‑1960; Minister of Pensions 1951‑1953; Minister of State, Board of Trade 1953‑1954; Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries 1954‑1958; Chancellor of the Exchequer 1958‑1960; PC 1953; KG 1968 Peerage extinct on his death	26 Dec 1899	20 Jan 1981	81
AMOS
24 Sep 1997	B[L]		Valerie Ann Amos Created Baroness Amos for life 24 Sep 1997 PC 2003; CH 2016; LG 2022	13 Mar 1954
AMPTHILL
11 Mar 1881	B	1	Sir Odo William Leopold Russell Created Baron Ampthill 11 Mar 1881 PC 1872	20 Feb 1829	25 Aug 1884	55
25 Aug 1884		2	Arthur Oliver Villiers Russell Governor of Madras 1900‑1906	19 Feb 1869	7 Jul 1935	66
7 Jul 1935		3	John Hugo Russell For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	4 Oct 1896	3 Jun 1973	76
3 Jun 1973		4	Geoffrey Denis Erskine Russell PC 1995 [Elected hereditary peer 1999‑2011] For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	15 Oct 1921	23 Apr 2011	89
23 Apr 2011		5	David Whitney Erskine Russell	27 May 1947
AMULREE
22 Jul 1929	B	1	Sir William Warrender Mackenzie Created Baron Amulree 22 Jul 1929 Secretary of State for Air 1930‑1931; PC 1930	19 Aug 1860	5 May 1942	81
5 May 1942 to     15 Dec 1983		2	Basil William Sholto Mackenzie Peerage extinct on his death	25 Jul 1900	15 Dec 1983	83
AMWELL
16 Jul 1947	B	1	Frederick Montague Created Baron Amwell 16 Jul 1947 MP for Islington West 1923‑1931 and 1935‑1947	8 Oct 1876	15 Oct 1966	90
15 Oct 1966		2	Frederick Norman Montague	6 Nov 1912	12 Oct 1990	77
12 Oct 1990		3	Keith Norman Montague	1 Apr 1943
ANCASTER
26 Jul 1715	D	1	Robert Bertie, 1st Marquess of Lindsey Created Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven 26 Jul 1715 MP for Boston 1685‑1687 and 1689‑1690 and Preston 1690; Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1700‑1723; PC 1701	20 Oct 1660	26 Jul 1723	62
26 Jul 1723		2	Peregrine Bertie MP for Lincolnshire 1708‑1715; Lord  Lieutenant Lincoln 1724‑1742; PC 1724 He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Lord Willoughby de Eresby 16 Mar 1715	29 Apr 1686	1 Jan 1742	55
1 Jan 1742		3	Peregrine Bertie Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1742‑1778; PC 1742	1714	12 Aug 1778	64
12 Aug 1778		4	Robert Bertie Lord Lieutenant Lincoln Jan‑Jul 1779; PC 1779	17 Oct 1736	8 Jul 1779	42
8 Jul 1779 to     8 Feb 1809		5	Brownlow Bertie MP for Lincolnshire 1761‑1779; Lord Lieutenant Lincoln 1779‑1809 Peerage extinct on his death	1 May 1729	8 Feb 1809	79
23 Aug 1892	E	1	Gilbert Henry Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Baron Aveland Created Earl of Ancaster 23 Aug 1892 MP for Boston 1852‑1856 and Rutland 1856‑1867; PC 1880	1 Oct 1830	24 Dec 1910	80
24 Dec 1910		2	Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby MP for Horncastle 1894‑1910; Lord Lieutenant Rutland 1921‑1951	29 Jul 1867	19 Sep 1951	84
19 Sep 1951		3	Gilbert James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby MP for Rutland and Stamford 1933‑1950; Lord Lieutenant Lincolnshire 1950‑1975 He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Lord Willoughby de Eresby 16 Jan 1951 Peerage extinct on his death	8 Dec 1907	29 Mar 1983	75
ANCRAM
24 Jun 1633	E[S]	1	Robert Carr Created Lord Kerr of Nisbet, Langnewtoun and Dolphinstoun and Earl of Ancram 24 Jun 1633	1578	1654	76
1654		2	Charles Kerr MP for Thirsk 1660‑1661 and Wigan 1661‑1689	6 Aug 1624	10 Sep 1690	66
Sep 1690		3	Robert Kerr He was subsequently [1701] created Marquess of Lothian with which title this peerage then merged and so remains	8 Mar 1636	15 Feb 1703	66
23 Jun 1701	E[S]	1	Robert Kerr, 2nd Earl of Lothian Created Lord Kerr of Newbottle, Viscount of Briene, Earl of Ancram and Marquess of Lothian 23 Jun 1701 See "Lothian" - this peerage remains merged in the Marquessate of Lothian	8 Mar 1636	15 Feb 1703	66
ANDERSON OF IPSWICH
10 Jul 2018	B[L]		Sir David William Kinloch Anderson Created Baron Anderson of Ipswich for life 10 Jul 2018	5 Jul 1961
ANDERSON OF STOKE-ON-TRENT
18 Nov 2022	B[L]		Ruth Lauren Smeeth Created Baroness Anderson of Stoke-on-Trent for life 18 Nov 2022 MP for Stoke-on-Trent North 2015‑2019	29 Jun 1979
ANDERSON OF SWANSEA
28 Jun 2005	B[L]		Donald Anderson Created Baron Anderson of Swansea for life 28 Jun 2005 MP for Monmouth 1966‑1970 and Swansea East 1974‑2005; PC 2000	17 Jun 1939
ANDOVER
23 Jan 1622	V	1	Thomas Howard Created Baron Howard of Charlton and Viscount Andover 23 Jan 1622 He was subsequently created Earl of Berkshire in 1626	c 1590	16 Jul 1669
ANDREWS
9 May 2000	B[L]		Elizabeth Kay Andrews Created Baroness Andrews for life 9 May 2000	16 May 1943
ANELAY OF ST. JOHNS
14 Oct 1996	B[L]		Dame Joyce Anne Anelay Created Baroness Anelay of St. Johns for life 14 Oct 1996 PC 2009	17 Jul 1947
ANGLESEY
18 Apr 1623	E	1	Christopher Villiers Created Baron Villiers and Earl of Anglesey 18 Apr 1623		3 Apr 1630
3 Apr 1630 to     4 Feb 1661		2	Charles Villiers Peerage extinct on his death		4 Feb 1661
20 Apr 1661	E	1	Arthur Annesley, 2nd Viscount Valentia Created Baron Annesley and Earl of Anglesey 20 Apr 1661 MP for Carmarthen 1660‑1661; Lord Privy Seal 1673‑1682; PC [I] 1660; PC 1679	10 Jul 1614	6 Apr 1686	71
6 Apr 1686		2	James Annesley MP for Winchester 1679‑1685	c 1645	1 Apr 1690
1 Apr 1690		3	James Annesley	c 1670	21 Jan 1702
21 Jan 1702		4	John Annesley PC 1710	15 Jan 1676	18 Sep 1710	34
18 Sep 1710		5	Arthur Annesley MP [I] for New Ross 1703‑1710; MP for Cambridge University 1702‑1710; Lord Lieutenant Wexford 1727; PC 1710; PC [I] 1711	c 1678	31 Mar 1737
31 Mar 1737 to     14 Feb 1761		6	Richard Annesley He had previously succeeded as Baron Altham in 1727. The Earldom of Anglesey and the Barony of Annesley became extinct on his death For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	c 1691	14 Feb 1761
4 Jul 1815	M	1	Henry William Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge Created Marquess of Anglesey 4 Jul 1815 MP for Caernarvon Boroughs 1790‑1796 and Milborne Port 1796‑1804 and 1806‑1812; Field Marshal 1846; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1828‑1829 and 1830‑1833; Lord Lieutenant Anglesey 1812‑1854 and Stafford 1849‑1854; KG 1818; PC 1827 For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	17 May 1768	29 Apr 1854	85
29 Apr 1854		2	Henry Paget He was summoned to Parliament by a Writ of Acceleration as Baron Paget of Beaudesert 15 Jan 1833 MP for Anglesey 1820‑1832; Lord Lieutenant Anglesey 1854‑1869; PC 1839	6 Jul 1797	7 Feb 1869	71
7 Feb 1869		3	Henry William George Paget MP for Staffordshire South 1854‑1857	9 Dec 1821	30 Jan 1880	58
30 Jan 1880		4	Henry Paget	25 Dec 1835	13 Oct 1898	62
13 Oct 1898		5	Henry Cyril Paget For further information on this peer, see the note at the foot of this page	16 Jun 1875	14 Mar 1905	29
14 Mar 1905		6	Charles Henry Alexander Paget Lord Lieutenant Anglesey 1942‑1947	14 Apr 1885	21 Feb 1947	61
21 Feb 1947		7	George Charles Henry Victor Paget Lord Lieutenant Gwynedd 1983‑1990	8 Oct 1922	13 Jul 2013	90
13 Jul 2013		8	Charles Alexander Vaughan Paget	13 Nov 1950
ANGUS
c 1115	E[S]	1	Dufugan Styled Earl of Angus c 1115		1135
1135		2	Gillebride		c 1197
c 1197		3	Gilchrist For details of a legend associated with this Earl and his sons, see the note at the foot of the page containing details of the Earldom of Airlie		c 1210
c 1210		4	Duncan		by 1214
by 1214		5	Malcolm		c 1240
c 1240		6	Matilda		c 1260
c 1260		7	Gilbert de Umfravill Summoned to Parliament as Lord Umfravill 23 Jun 1295	c 1244	1307
1307		8	Robert de Umfravill	by 1277	2 Apr 1325
2 Apr 1325 to     7 Jan 1381		9	Gilbert de Umfravill Peerages extinct on his death		7 Jan 1381
15 Jun 1329	E[S]	1	John Stewart Styled Earl of Angus in a charter dated 15 Jun 1329		9 Dec 1331
9 Dec 1331		2	Thomas Stewart		1361
1361		3	Thomas Stewart		1377
1377 to     1389		4	Margaret Stewart She resigned the Earldom in favour of George Douglas (see below)		after 1417
9 Apr 1389	E[S]	1	George Douglas Created Earl of Angus 9 Apr 1389	by 1378	1402
1402		2	William Douglas		1437
1437		3	James Douglas		1446
1446		4	George Douglas		14 Nov 1462
14 Nov 1462		5	Archibald Douglas	1453	1514	61
1514		6	Archibald Douglas	c 1490	1556
1556		7	David Douglas		1558
1558		8	Archibald Douglas Obtained a reversal of attainder to become 5th Earl of Morton 1586	1556	4 Aug 1588	32
1588		9	William Douglas	1533	Jul 1591	58
Jul 1591		10	William Douglas	c 1555	3 Mar 1611
3 Mar 1611		11	William Douglas He was created Marquess of Douglas in 1633 into which this peerage then merged	1590	19 Feb 1660	69
ANGUS AND ABERNETHY
10 Apr 1703 to     21 Jul 1761	M[S]	1	Archibald Douglas, 3rd Marquess of Douglas Created Lord Douglas of Bonkill, Prestoun and Robertoun, Viscount of Jedburgh Forest, Marquess of Angus and Abernethy and Duke of Douglas 10 Apr 1703 Creations extinct on his death	13 Oct 1694	21 Jul 1761	66
ANNALY
17 Jan 1766 to     3 Apr 1784	B[I]	1	John Gore Created Baron Annaly 17 Jan 1766 MP [I] for Jamestown 1747‑1761 and Longford County 1761‑1765; Solicitor General [I] 1760‑1764; PC [I] 1764 Peerage extinct on his death	2 Mar 1718	3 Apr 1784	66
23 Sep 1789 to     5 Jun 1793	B[I]	1	Henry Gore Created Baron Annaly 23 Sep 1789 MP [I] for Longford County 1758‑1760 and 1768‑1789, and Lanesborough 1761‑1768; Peerage extinct on his death	8 Mar 1728	5 Jun 1793	65
19 Aug 1863	B	1	Henry White Created Baron Annaly 19 Aug 1863 MP for co. Dublin 1823‑1832 and co. Longford 1837‑1847 and 1857‑1861; Lord Lieutenant Longford 1841‑1873	1791	3 Sep 1873	82
3 Sep 1873		2	Luke White MP for Clare 1859‑1860, co. Longford 1861‑1862 and Kidderminster 1862‑1865; Lord Lieutenant Longford 1873‑1874; KP 1885	26 Sep 1829	17 Mar 1888	58
17 Mar 1888		3	Luke White	25 Feb 1857	15 Dec 1922	65
15 Dec 1922		4	Luke Henry White	7 Aug 1885	4 May 1970	84
4 May 1970		5	Luke Albert White	15 Mar 1927	30 Sep 1990	63
30 Sep 1990		6	Luke Richard White	29 Jun 1954
ANNAN
16 Jul 1965 to     21 Feb 2000	B[L]		Noel Gilroy Annan Created Baron Annan for life 16 Jul 1965 Peerage extinct on his death	25 Dec 1916	21 Feb 2000	83
ANNAND
c 1622	V[S]	1	Sir John Murray Created Lord Murray of Lochmaben and Viscount of Annand c 1622. He was subsequently created Earl of Annandale. The viscountcy of Annand became extinct on the death of the second Earl of Annandale in 1658		13 Oct 1640
13 Feb 1661	V[S]	1	James Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Hartfell Created Lord Johnston of Lochwood, Lochmaben, Moffatdale and Evandale, Viscount of Annand and Earl of Annandale and Hartfell 13 Feb 1661 The peerages became dormant in 1792		17 Jul 1672
24 Jun 1701	V[S]	1	William Johnston Created Lord Johnston of Lochwood, Lochmaben, Moffatdale and Evandale, Viscount of Annand, Earl of Hartfell and Marquess of Annandale 24 Jun 1701 The peerages became dormant in 1792	17 Feb 1664	14 Jan 1721	56
ANNANDALE
13 Mar 1625	E[S]	1	John Murray, 1st Viscount of Annand Created Earl of Annandale 13 Mar 1625		13 Oct 1640
13 Oct 1640 to     28 Dec 1658		2	James Murray He succeeded as 3rd Viscount Stormont in 1642. On his death the viscountcy descended to David Murray, 3rd Lord Balvaird, while the earldom of Annandale, the viscountcy of Annand and the barony of Murray of Lochmaben became extinct		28 Dec 1658
ANNANDALE AND HARTFELL
13 Feb 1661	E[S]	1	James Johnstone Created Lord Johnston of Lochwood, Lochmaben, Moffatdale and Evandale, Viscount of Annand and Earl of Annandale and Hartfell 13 Feb 1661		17 Jul 1672
17 Jul 1672		2	William Johnston Created Lord Johnston of Lochwood, Lochmaben, Moffatdale and Evandale, Viscount of Annand, Earl of Hartfell and Marquess of Annandale 24 Jun 1701 Lord Privy Seal 1702; Secretary of State 1705; Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright & Peebles; KT 1704; PC 1711	17 Feb 1664	14 Jan 1721	56
14 Jan 1721		3	James Johnston MP for Dumfriesshire 1708‑1709 and Linlithgowshire 1708	c 1687	10 Feb 1730
10 Feb 1730		4	George Vanden-Bempde On his death, the peerages became dormant. The descent of the Earldom was as follows:-	29 May 1720	29 Apr 1792	71
29 Apr 1792		5	[James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun]	23 Aug 1741	29 May 1816	74
[29 May 1816]		6	[Anne Hope-Johnstone]	13 Jan 1768	28 Aug 1818	50
[28 Aug 1818]		7	[John James Hope-Johnstone] MP for Dumfriesshire 1857‑1865	29 Nov 1796	11 Jul 1876	79
[11 Jul 1876]		8	[John James Hope-Johnstone] MP for Dumfriesshire 1874‑1880	5 Oct 1842	26 Dec 1912	70
[26 Dec 1912]		9	[Evelyn Wentworth Hope-Johnstone]	9 May 1879	26 Oct 1964	85
[26 Oct 1964]		10	[Percy Wentworth Hope-Johnstone]	2 Jan 1909	5 Apr 1983	74
[5 Apr 1983]		11	Patrick Andrew Wentworth Hope-Johnstone Established his claim to the peerage 23 Jul 1985 For further information on this successful claim, see the note at the foot of this page	19 Apr 1941

	The Earls of Aldborough
	A family of magnificent eccentrics …
	The following are extracts from The Emperor of the United States of America and Other Magnificent British Eccentrics by Catherine Caufield (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1981)
	John Stratford, first Earl of Aldborough - on receiving his title, he styled himself "the Earl of Aldborough in the Palatine of Upper Ormonde". This place was as fictitious as the pedigree he then commissioned tracing his family back to William the Conqueror's lord great chamberlain.
	Edward Augustus Stratford, second Earl of Aldborough - this Earl had a building mania. He built Aldborough House in Dublin; a seaside home just outside the Irish capital; a model town called Stratford-on-Slaney in County Wicklow; Stratford Place and Stratford House in London, as well as making extensive improvements to Belan, the great house built by his father in County Kildare. His death in 1801 interrupted a strange house party at Belan to which he had invited most of the young people he knew with the intention of marrying them off to one another. He left 54 wills.
	John Stratford, third Earl of Aldborough - he had a very sociable wife and daughter, but he hated company. The first, and usually the only, remark guests to his house heard from their host was "When do you leave? The coach passes Belan every morning and I can send you there tomorrow." He rose early to pick the ripe fruit from the garden and hide it from his despised visitors.
	Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, sixth and last Earl of Aldborough - he distinguished himself by the strength of his devotion to a hot-air balloon. For twenty years he lived only to complete what was going to be the largest balloon in the world - close to 50 feet high when inflated. He shut himself away in Stratford Lodge, 40 miles from Dublin, with only one trustworthy manservant; all his meals were cooked in Dublin and sent up daily in the Mail Coach.
	The Earl's plan was to fly from Ireland to England and on across the Channel to France, where he had purchased a plot of land on the banks of the Seine as a landing ground. When the Crimean War broke out Lord Aldborough decided to extend his voyage and contribute to the British war effort by flying on across Europe, sniping at Russian officers. Unfortunately for his patriotic dreams, the war came to an end before the balloon was ready. Even more tragically, the balloon hangar caught fire in 1856 and, in spite of frantic efforts to save it, the silk balloon was damaged beyond repair.
	The Earl lived for a time in the burnt-out hangar but eventually he moved to Alicante, Spain, where he became a recluse in a hotel. He had his meals sent up to him, but refused to allow anyone to come and collect the dirty dishes. When one room filled up with used plates and glasses, he checked out of that room and into a new one. On his death in 1875, the Earldom of Aldborough became extinct.
	Henry Gerard Sturt, 1st Baron Alington
	Henry Sturt, before being created Baron Alington in 1876, was MP for Dorchester 1847-1856 and Dorset 1856-1876. He was a well-known figure in the late Victorian era due to his success as a racehorse owner, but was also known as the owner of an unusual farm - the White Farm - located at the family seat of Crichel, near Wimborne, in Dorset. The following article, which appeared in the Chicago Daily Tribune of 4 March 1904 describes this farm:-
	Everything connected with this White Farm is absolutely white, including the white sacred bull, the white cattle, the white cart horses, the white poultry, pigeons, and, last but not least, an immense white turkey cock, whose ferocious disposition often forces the other denizens of the farmyard to show the white feather in more ways than one. All the flowers about this farm are white and the cats, the dogs, the pigs, the rabbits, the donkeys, and even the deer which graze on the lawn, as well as pheasants, geese, owls, and swans, are of the same hue. No animal and no flower is permitted on the premises which is not absolutely snow white.
	The farm was the subject of an illustrated article which appeared in Harmsworth's Magazine in August 1898, under the heading The Only White Zoo in Existence. Photographs are included of 'The White Peacock - the King of the White Farm' and a white mule, a gift from the Sultan of Turkey. Unfortunately, the white guinea pigs proved too difficult to photograph - "Over and over again, by frequent offerings of the most tempting dainties, were the shaggy bright-eyed little creatures lured from their haunts. But no matter how stealthily stalked by the camera fiend, they were off like greased lightning long before he was near enough."
	The special remainder to the Viscountcy of Allenby
	From the London Gazette of 21 October 1919 (issue 31610, page 12890):-
	The King has been pleased, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to confer the dignity of a Viscount of the said United Kingdom upon Field-Marshal Sir Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, style and title of Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and of Felixstowe in the County of Suffolk; with remainder in default of such issue to Captain Frederick Claude Hynman Allenby, C.B.E., R.N. (Ret.) (brother of the said Sir Edmund Henry Hynman Hynman Allenby), and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten.
	Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
	The following biography of Lord Amherst appeared in the July 1965 issue of the Australian monthly magazine Parade:-
	Late in July 1759 a large British armada of rafts, longboats and canoes set sail up Lake George, North America, bound for the French-held bastion of Ticonderoga. Seated in one of the leading boats was the British commander-in-chief, Major-General Jeffrey Amherst, now regarded by some students of British military history as the nation's greatest soldier after Marlborough and Wellington. Amherst was a solitary, deep-thinking man and said little as his flimsy fleet at last sighted Fort Ticonderoga. Nor did he give vent to his inward feelings when the French later withdrew from the fort leaving the way open for the conquest of the entire North American continent.
	Although the general's strategic genius was given full play in warfare against enemies trained on the same military principles as himself, his later campaigns against Pontiac's Indians lacked the same brilliance. Amherst never did learn how to handle the Indians militarily or diplomatically. In the end he was saved from further humiliation by being recalled home while Pontiac's warriors raged over the countryside.
	Born in Kent, in 1717, to a family sprung from a long line of clergymen and lawyers, Jeffrey Amherst was raised in the family's country home, Brooks Place, at Sevenoaks. In 1729 young Amherst travelled to Knole, where he was employed as a page-boy by the seventh Earl [and 1st Duke of Dorset] Lionel Sackville. The earl grew to like the lad and later appointed him his secretary. Then, when in 1735 Amherst expressed a desire for an army career, the earl used his influence to win him a commission in the First Regiment of Foot Guards.
	When the War of The Austrian Succession broke out in 1742, the Foot Guards were among the 16,000 troops who embarked for Flanders to join the Austrians in their struggle against the French. June 1743 was a memorable month for the young ensign, and British history. Amherst saw his first action at Dettingen while for the last time a British monarch appeared on the field of battle. But while Amherst savoured the thrill of victory he also tasted the bitterness of defeat. In 1745 he was serving with the incompetent Duke of Cumberland when the British were defeated by the French at Fontenoy.
	When the Foot Guards returned to England, Lieutenant-Colonel Amherst was Cumberland's aide-de-camp and had little to look forward to but the life of a glorified military secretary. But even within the limited compass of these duties he was to impress others. One who had noticed the young colonel was Sir John Ligonier, later commander-in-chief of the British forces.
	Then, on March 3, 1758, came the turning point in Amherst's career. On that day he received a message from William Pitt the Elder telling him that Major-General Amherst had been appointed commander-in-chief of the siege of Louisbourg. Pitt had been in power a little more than a year, yet in that time he had given Britain back her backbone. Taking over a "tired, decadent, nation" he had revitalised it. Believing that Britain's future strength lay in the North American continent rather than in the battle for power in Europe, he decided his nation's position in North America must be consolidated.
	The first step of his plan called for the expulsion of the French. And to do that Louisbourg and Fort Ticonderoga must be taken. Several weeks after the main force sailed for America under James Wolfe, the Louisbourg commander-in-chief followed. And only then did Pitt announce Amherst's appointment to Parliament. When the battle was finally joined at Louisbourg the British had the advantage of numbers but the French fought from behind strong fortifications protected by the wild rocky shoreline. Amherst solved the problem by surrounding the fort for seven weeks until the French commander Chevalier de Drucour pulled down his flag and surrendered.
	Now Amherst laid plans to march against Quebec. All was ready when he received news that the force of the North American commander-in­chief, General James Abercrombie, which had been detailed to reduce Fort Ticonderoga had lost at least 2000 men in a suicidal frontal attack on the fort. Amherst at once changed his plans. He took the major part of his force and set off for Boston, where he arrived on September 13, 1758 to receive a hero's welcome. After re- victualling, Amherst marched on to Albany where he met the demoralised survivors of Abercrombie's army.
	Amherst wasted no time. Somehow he instilled a new spirit of conquest into Abercrombie's army and sent a message to Wolfe ordering him to make his own plans for the conquest of Quebec. Further, Brigadier John Prideaux was to take and rebuild the fort at Oswego which had been demolished by the French in an earlier campaign, then join Sir William Johnson's force in an attack on Fort Niagara.
	General Amherst himself took the more difficult task of attacking Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point farther north. With a force less than half the strength of Abercrombie's original army, Amherst set out on July 22, 1759. Sailing across Lake George the expedition entered Lake Champlain and finally landed at a point about three miles from the fort. When the British came within cannon shot of the battlements the general rested most of his troops while he spent two days strategically placing his field pieces. The French commander Chevalier de Bourlamaque, knowing the fort could not be defended against the overwhelming cannonade, waited for darkness then withdrew most of his men from the fort leaving only a token force of about 400 men to cover his retreat. Two days later when Bourlamaque's force had established itself on the more easily defended Nut Island, the rear­guard followed after setting time fuses in Ticonderoga's powder chambers. Amherst's advance troops were almost up to the walls when Fort Ticonderoga blew up.
	But Amherst's grand strategy was working. Two days before Ticonderoga exploded Sir William Johnston had taken Fort Niagara despite the death earlier of Prideaux. When Amherst advanced on the fort at Crown Point the French adopted their old strategy. They blew it up. But this time the commander-in-chief did not by-pass the ruins. Realising Crown Point could be an important military base for his troops he set his men to work rebuilding it. And they were still hard at work on August 18 when Amherst received news that Quebec had fallen a month after Wolfe had had been killed in battle. Oswego had still not been taken, but winter was coming on and Amherst halted the campaign.
	Spring finally came and Amherst unleashed his entire force in a mighty assault on Montreal. The final campaign was a masterstroke of strategy. Leading 11,000 men, Amherst set out from Oswego, which earlier had been captured, while another force left Crown Point and a third departed from Quebec. Although the three armies had set out at different times from places hundreds of miles apart they met at about the same time on the plains outside the walls of Montreal. When the French commander saw the mighty force standing outside the bastion he sent a messenger asking Amherst to discuss terms. Back went the reply: "I have come to take Canada and I will take nothing less".
	On September 8, 1760, Canada became part of the British Crown. Appointed Governor of Canada, Amherst proved himself a statesman. He treated the civilians kindly and saw to it that most of the old French laws were retained. General Amherst, who had fobbed off with a knighthood when he expected a barony, was still waiting to be recalled home when the great Ottawa chief Pontiac [c 1720-1769] attacked Detroit in May 1763. Pontiac, enraged to the verge of madness by the action of the British in cutting off the regular food supplies to his people, led his warriors through America, killing in righteous indignation. Amherst did not quite know how to fight these unorthodox soldiers. In the spring of 1764 he was still planning a major offensive when he was recalled to England.
	Created a lieutenant-general and later a baron he was appointed British commander-in-chief in 1778. Then just 12 months before the old soldier died on 3 August 1797 he put out a trembling, withered hand and took his field-marshal's baton [30 July 1796].
	The special remainder to the Barony of Amherst created in 1788
	From the London Gazette of 26 August 1788 (issue 13020, page 413):-
	The King has … been pleased to grant the … Dignity of a Baron of the Kingdom of Great Britain to the Right Honourable Jeffery Lord Amherst, Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and General of His Majesty's Forces, and to the Heirs Male of His Body lawfully begotten, by the Name, Style and Title of Baron Amherst, of Montreal in the County of Kent; with Remainder to his Nephew William Pitt Amherst, Esq; and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten.
	The special remainder to the Barony of Amherst of Hackney
	From the London Gazette of 23 September 1892 (issue 26328, page 5383):-
	The Queen has been pleased, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, dated the 26th August, 1892, to grant the dignity of a Baron of the said United Kingdom unto William Amhurst Tyssen-Amherst, of Amherst, in the county of Kent, Didlington Hall, in the county of Norfolk, and of Hackney, in the county of London, Esq., and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, style, and title of Baron Amherst of Hackney, in the county of London, and in default of such issue male, to hold the name, style, and title of Baroness Amherst of Hackney, to Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil, wife of William Cecil (commonly called Lord William Cecil), Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment, eldest daughter of the said William Amhurst Tyssen-Amherst; and, after her decease, and in default of such issue of the said William Amhurst Tyssen-Amherst, to hold the name, style, and title of Baron Amherst of Hackney, to the heirs male lawfully begotten of the body of the said Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil.
	John Hugo Russell, third Baron Ampthill and Geoffrey Denis Erskine Russell, fourth Baron Ampthill
	In 1916, Christabel Hart, a headstrong young woman with a taste for hunting and ballroom dancing answered an advertisement in The Times placed by three lonely sailors, one of whom was John Hugo Russell. They met her when next on leave, and all three were smitten. Russell proposed marriage, but Christabel rejected him and departed for Gretna Green with his friend, Gilbert Bradley. There they failed to satisfy the residency qualification and returned to England unmarried. In 1918, Christabel consented, after all, to marry Russell, but ruled that these altered circumstances should not be a restriction on her social life. Russell agreed that they should not have children for several years, not realising perhaps, that to Christabel this meant no sexual relations either, The honeymoon was spent with Russell's parents, and although there was a certain amount of kissing during his Christmas leave, sex consisted of his climaxing between her legs, but without any penetration. Christabel described this practice as 'Hunnish'.
	When Russell left the navy he took a job with Vickers. The couple no longer shared a bedroom, and in two years they dined together twice. On one occasion, Christabel spent the night at Gilbert Bradley's flat and in the morning Bradley telephoned Russell, asking him to bring round day clothes for his wife. Later she wrote to a friend "I have been indiscreet all my life and he has enough evidence to divorce me once a week". In June 1921 Christabel visited a clairvoyant, who told her she was pregnant - a state of affairs confirmed by a gynaecologist, in spite of the fact that she was still a virgin. She passed the news on to Russell, adding "I suppose I must be another Virgin Mary". On 15 October 1921 she gave birth to a son, Geoffrey.
	Russell petitioned for divorce, citing Bradley, an unnamed man alleged to be Geoffrey's father, and a Lieutenant George Cross about whom little is known (I would like to think that his wife's name was Victoria). At the first trial, which began in July 1922 before Lord Merrivale, Russell's parents, Lord and Lady Ampthill, were the chief witnesses. They described their son as thunderstruck when learning of his wife's pregnancy since she had always denied him his conjugal rights. They could see no similarity between the baby and their son at the same age. The baby was brought into court and inspected by the jury during the luncheon adjournment. Christabel admitted indiscreet behaviour, but denied adultery. Her husband was Geoffrey's father, she insisted, conception having taken place with penetration - possibly when Russell was sleepwalking in his pyjamas. After a ten-day hearing, the jury was unable to agree on a verdict. On 28 February 1923 a retrial began before Mr Justice Hill. This time, the jury found that Christabel had had intercourse with an unknown man and the baby was declared illegitimate. In 1926 Christabel, as her son's guardian, brought an action to establish his legitimacy. She won the case and Geoffrey was declared to be the rightful heir.
	John Russell succeeded to the Ampthill peerage in 1935. After he was divorced from Christabel he remarried twice and, by his second marriage, had a son, John, who, on his father's death in 1973, claimed the title. Geoffrey wrote to the House of Lords requesting that he might take his seat, but was told that his half-brother had already lodged an application. In February 1976 the Committee of Privileges in the House of Lords heard the claim for succession brought by John Russell and contested by Geoffrey Russell 'to protect my mother's reputation'. The evidence from the 1926 illegitimacy dispute was heard again and John Russell offered to withdraw if Geoffrey would make available blood tests carried out on himself and his mother, who by now had died. Geoffrey declined, but in April 1976 the Committee ruled in his favour, and he thus became the 4th Baron Ampthill.
	Arthur Annesley, 4th Baron Altham and Richard Annesley, 5th Baron Altham and 6th Earl of Anglesey
	Arthur, the 4th Baron Altham was a dissolute drunkard who married Mary Sheffield, an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Buckingham. From this union, a son, James, was born in 1715. Arthur, who was reputed to change his mistresses as often as he changed his coat, grew tired of his wife's protests against his infidelities and determined to be rid of her. Any excuse would suffice, so when, one day in 1716, he found her talking with a neighbouring squire, he accused the pair of adultery and, drawing his sword, slashed off one of the man's ears. He then drove his wife from the house (Dunmaine Castle in county Wexford), but he refused to allow her to take her year-old son with her.
	The man whom he had accused of adultery challenged him to a duel, but Altham refused to fight. He remained at Dunmaine Castle until one day a mysterious pistol shot, fired through a window, took out one of his eyes. He then fled to Dublin where he found a new mistress, Alaine Gregory. She, however, wanted nothing to do with young James, so he was callously thrown out to be cared for by a band of wandering gypsies.
	When the 4th baron died in 1727, the title was inherited by his younger brother, Richard, who appears to have been equal, if not worse, than his older brother. Richard knew that, somewhere, James was likely to be still alive and that James was the rightful heir to the title and the estates. Richard hired a gang of ruffians to track the boy down and he was found living in humble lodgings in Dublin under the name of James Annesley. Even Richard balked at cold-blooded murder, so he arranged for James to be put aboard a ship bound for the plantations of distant America, where upon landing he was sold for 15 guineas to a Pennsylvania planter, who treated him very harshly.
	James suffered the misery of living as a slave for 12 years, until, in 1739, he was able to escape and flee to Baltimore. There he saw the warships of Admiral Vernon on their way to fight the Spanish in the West Indies during the War of Jenkin's Ear. James stole a skiff, rowed out to the nearest ship and poured out his story to Vernon. For the next four years, James was a steward on a British warship.
	In 1743, James finally stepped ashore at Portsmouth, eager to claim his title and estates. He was armed with a letter from Vernon to a wealthy Irish lawyer named Mackercher. After closely questioning James, Mackercher agreed to represent him and soon the news of the return of the rightful heir swept through Dublin. Richard, now Earl of Anglesey, struck back viciously by arranging for James to be savagely beaten and left senseless by the side of the road.
	In order to protect James, Mackercher hustled him to England, where he hid at a farm near Staines. Unfortunately, James' bad luck still dogged him. During a hunting expedition, James' gun accidentally discharged and killed one of the beaters named Tom Eggleston. When he heard this news, Anglesey accused James of having an affair with Eggleston's wife, and persuaded the authorities to arrest James for murder. At his subsequent trial, Mackercher had no difficulty in gaining an acquittal after the main witness against James admitted accepting bribes from Anglesey's lawyer.
	By now the population was polarised by James' fight for his rightful inheritance. Anglesey had many powerful friends, but his debauchery and cruelty had made him just as many enemies and the majority of the common people were convinced that James' cause was just.
	As soon as James returned to Ireland, a further attempt on his life occurred, but this was foiled by Mackercher's servants. Mackercher now launched his first legal action, which was heard in the Dublin Court of Exchequer in November 1743. The result was a legal picnic; troops of witnesses filed into the box, piling up a mass of contradictory evidence and perjuring themselves recklessly until the truth was hopelessly buried. At least five witnesses changed sides and flatly retracted previous statements; it was obvious that Anglesey's money and hired thugs had been busy. Mackercher's most impressive witness was the 4th Baron Altham's crony, Major Fitzgerald, who swore that in 1715 Altham had invited him to Dunmaine to carouse on the birth of his son. Finally, the evidence which clinched Mackercher's case was given by Kilkenny alderman Thomas Barnes, who related how Altham had told him proudly, 'Tom, I have good news. I have a son by Moll Sheffield.' Barnes said that he naturally assumed that Moll was one of Altham's many mistresses and enquired where he had found her. 'Zounds, man!' Altham roared indignantly, 'she's my wife!'
	The jury found in favour of James, which caused an outbreak of popular rejoicing in Dublin. But Anglesey refused to concede defeat and sought a fresh trial. In the meantime, he tried to remove James by his usual methods. At the Curragh races, Anglesey and a gang of thugs made another attack on James' life and when Mackercher came to his aid, Mackercher was beaten unconscious with the loaded butt of a whip. James leapt on a horse and fled, as Anglesey was heard to scream, 'Follow him and dash out his brains!' The pursuers, however, were driven off by James' sympathisers, who had rushed to the scene.
	James' legal battle was, however, less fortunate. Anglesey brought a host of new, and no doubt bribed, witnesses and the second trial went in his favour. Undaunted, Mackercher called for a third hearing, and once more the decision was reversed. For years, the struggle continued, with both sides pouring out money like water. Anglesey mortgaged the estates and, by the time of the fourth trial, Mackercher had ruined himself on James' behalf.
	By then, some of the most important witnesses were dead and others had mysteriously vanished. The marathon lawsuit finally ended with Anglesey still in possession of the titles and the estates.
	James died in 1760 and was buried under the name of James Annesley. The Earl of Anglesey died the following year, when the Earldom of Anglesey and the Barony of Altham became extinct. However, the Viscountcy of Valentia was inherited by Anglesey's son, who in 1793 was created Earl of Mountnorris.
	Henry William Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge and 1st Marquess of Anglesey
	The following biography of the Marquess appeared in the August 1955 issue of the Australian monthly magazine Parade:-
	The breeze at the Battle of Waterloo along which was borne the bullet that lodged in the knee of the Earl of Uxbridge was no exception to the "ill wind that blows nobody any good". The earl no doubt suffered considerable anguish, but the enterprising Belgian inn-keeper in whose house the noble leg was lopped off, and in whose garden and under whose willow tress it was solemnly entombed (the earl attending the obsequies) thereafter put up a monument to mark the spot, enshrined the boot, and by charging a small fee to curious sightseers was able to live off the limb for the rest of his life.
	The monument carried a tablet inscribed: "Here lies the Leg of the Illustrious Earl of Uxbridge", along with the date and details of its loss - an inscription commonly drawing a grin from male visitors, a squeamish shudder from the gentler sex, and loud guffaws from the "de-limbed" nobleman's cronies. If the inn-keeper had deferred erecting his monument over the grave of the leg for a little while, he would have been able to advertise it as belonging to a marquess instead of a mere earl; for the title of Marquess of Anglesey was soon afterwards bestowed on the gallant Uxbridge for his part in the battle in which he served as the Duke of Wellington's second-in-command.
	One jester, mindful perhaps of the marquess' romantic career, scribbled beneath the epitaph:
	"Here lies the Marquess of Anglesey's limb, The devil will have the rest of him."
	while George Canning, Anglesey's friend and political leader contributed 36 lines of doggerel on the touching event, part of which ran:
	"A leg and foot, to speak more plain, Lie here of one commanding; Who, though he might his wits retain, Lost half his understanding."
	The affable Anglesey took it all in good part - as he had taken much unsavoury publicity attaching to his private life five years before. In 1810, when a married man of 42 with eight children, he had fallen in love with Wellington's sister­in-law, Lady Charlotte Wellesley, herself the mother of four children. He had had to pay £24,000 to the injured husband for that, and accept divorce by his wife. It was all very painful and scandalous, but it did not halt his career. Waterloo brought him his title of marquess, and his other exploits saw a monument erected to him in his own lifetime; while he became a Cabinet Minister, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and a Field-Marshal - and his marriage to the Lady Charlotte made him the father of another ten children. All in all, the eminent marquess could be counted a man of many activities.
	Anglesey was born Henry William Paget, the eldest of four sons of Henry Paget, Earl of Uxbridge, and his wife, the former Jane Champagne. He went to Westminster School and Oxford and as a strapping six-footer of 21 entered Parliament as member for Carnarvon boroughs. But soldiering was in his blood, and after serving in the Staffordshire militia, which his father commanded, he raised an infantry regiment from his father's tenantry. On the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France he joined the Duke of York's army in Flanders, in June, 1794.
	He did not learn much about the conduct of war, for the month he arrived the British and Allied armies, manipulated from long distance by the king and politicians in England, began a long retreat, eventually back to Britain, leaving southern Holland in the hands of the French. Still, promotions came thick and fast. In March, 1795, he got his lieutenancy; he was a captain by April, a major in May, and a lieutenant-colonel in June. He was back in Holland in 1797, commanding a cavalry brigade. The entire campaign was a failure, and by October 18 the Duke of York patched up a truce with the French and hostilities ceased. Paget saw, as did the Duke of York, that the British Army suffered from shocking lack of organisation.
	Upon his return home he devoted himself to strengthening his regiment, of which he became colonel in May, 1801, and made it one of the best in the army. Promotion to major-general followed in 1802. In the latter part of that year he was given command of the cavalry division sent to join Sir John Moore's army on the Peninsula [i.e. Spain and Portugal], and in December he had to cover the army's retreat to Corunna. Because of badly organised supplies, his cavalry horses had no shoes and half of them were lost. It was a sorry business, but Moore wrote: "The only part of the army which has been hitherto engaged with the enemy has been the cavalry, and it is impossible to say too much in their bias … our cavalry is very superior in quality to any the French have, and the right spirit has been infused into them by their two leaders - Lord Paget and Brigadier­General Stewart."
	But Paget had no further service in the Peninsula, because his liaison with Lady Charlotte Wellesley just then made it "difficult" for him to serve with Wellington. On July 25, 1795, Paget had married Lady Caroline Villiers, third daughter of the Earl of Jersey. By the turn of the century, however, he was in love with the Lady Charlotte, daughter of the Earl of Cadogan, who had married the Honourable Henry Wellesley, younger brother of the Duke of Wellington. Shortly after Paget's return from Corunna in January, 1809, the scandal broke. Henry Wellesley divorced his wife for misconduct with Paget - attaining it by Act of Parliament, then the only mode of divorce legal in England - and proceeded with an action against Paget for "criminal conversation" - as the common-law suit was called by which a husband was then enabled to recover damages from a wife­stealer.
	At the trial of this common-law action, Paget's counsel went into court under instructions to abstain from all accusations that might justify his and Lady Charlotte's misconduct. Further, there was to be no plea to lessen the damages Wellesley might claim. Paget was so enamoured of the Lady Charlotte that he proudly declared (damning the consequences) that it was doubtful if any sum a jury might give would really compensate Wellesley for the loss of the lady. The jury assessed the damages at the colossal figure of £24,000, which Paget cheerfully paid.
	The domestic upheaval caused a furious flurry among the families involved. A fortnight after the divorce, Captain Cadogan, Lady Charlotte's brother, came after Paget demanding a duel. With rare common sense, Paget refused the challenge, saying that to fire at the brother of Lady Charlotte would merely add to the injuries he had already done the family, and no insult would ever provoke him to doing so.
	Paget's wife got a divorce by going to Scotland for it, and in 1810 Paget eloped with the Lady Charlotte to Gretna Green, where they were wed across the blacksmith's anvil. The scandal died down as six sons and four daughters of the second marriage gave a glow of respectability to the union; and Paget's first wife married the Duke of Argyll. The wronged Henry Wellesley, six years after the divorce, was to be seen chatting amiably with Paget whenever they both attended social functions, and he once put it on record that he now considered Anglesley the best friend he had ever had in his life. At the time of the divorce, Wellesley had been furious, and resentment of Anglesey had clouded his relations with the entire Wellesley family, so that as a soldier was unemployed from 1809 until early 1815, except for an expedition to Walcheren [in the Netherlands].
	Paget became Earl of Uxbridge and took his seat in the House of Lords when his father died in March, 1812. Three years afterwards he was ordered to Flanders to take command of the entire cavalry and horse artillery in the Duke of Wellington's army for what was to be the last stand against Napoleon. The situation was awkward. for Wellington still retained the family rancour against Paget. On the eve of Waterloo, Anglesey, as second-in-command, approached the "Iron Duke" and asked him for his plans for the battle. "Who will attack tomorrow?" Wellington inquired. "Buonaparte", replied Paget. "Well", said the Duke with solemn irony, "Buonaparte has not given me any idea of his projects, and as my plans will depend upon his, how can you expect me to know what mine are?" Before Paget could protest at the snub, Wellington evidently regretted he had used so cutting a sneer against a man who, with all his faults, was chivalrous, good-tempered and courageous. 'There's one thing", he said quickly, putting his hand on Paget's shoulder, "whatever happens, you and I will do our duty".
	During the battle the next day, Paget behaved with great gallantry, leading the cavalry charge of the British centre with his customary dash. He was beside Wellington and the battle had nearly ended when a bullet from a field-piece struck him on the knee. "By God, I've got it at last!" he exclaimed. But he hadn't. His leg was amputated and buried at Waterloo, but he came back to England without it to be created Marquess of Anglesey in recognition of his services and live on for nearly 40 years more. Later a more dignified memorial than the one over his leg was erected on a hill in Anglesey "in commemoration of the consummate skill and undaunted bravery" he had shown at Waterloo.
	Although nearly 50 and handicapped by a wooden leg, Anglesey was still straight and handsome, an extremely impressive figure. He was Lord High Steward at the coronation of King George IV in 1820 [actually 19 July 1821], and as one of the peers of the realm, attended the House of Lords for the divorce action which that fat and pompous monarch brought against his wife, Queen Caroline. Their marriage had been doomed from the start, as George and Caroline were totally incompatible. George thought Caroline the most tasteless, worst-behaved woman he had ever known, and three months after their wedding wrote her that he never again intended to treat her as his wife. She thought him "rather like a fat sergeant-major with his ears powdered". A man of much matrimonial experience himself, Anglesey saw both sides of the royal divorce action - that George was lazy, selfish, extravagant and cruel, and that Caroline was foolish and indiscreet to the point of madness. He wrote to George advising him that the temper of the people was totally against him - and he was cut in public by the King for his pains. At the same time, in attending the House for the hearing of the action, he had to suffer the hisses and abuse of the mob who "rubbed his own two wives under his nose". On one occasion he was held up by a crowd that sympathised with Queen Caroline and insisted on his cheering her. He complied, saying with calculated malice, "The Queen - and may all your wives be like her!"
	When his friend George Canning became Prime Minister and the Duke of Wellington resigned as Master-General of Ordnance, Anglesey succeeded to the latter post, which carried a seat in the Cabinet. Nine months later, in February, 1828, he succeeded Wellington as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland [This is not correct - he succeeded Wellington's elder brother, the Marquess Wellesley]. It was thought in England that Anglesey would be "the flash of steel that would bring the Irish to heel," for he had often hinted that Hussars galloping through Ireland sword in hand were the best means of ending Irish demands for Catholic emancipation.
	George IV, who had long forgotten the squabble over his divorce, said to him when he took his leave before sailing tor lreland: "God bless you, Anglesey, I know you are a true Protestant." On that occasion Anglesey replied unexpectedly: "Sir, I will not be considered either Protestant or Catholic. I go to Ireland to determine impartially between them and without the least bias either one way or the other." Once in Ireland, he soon came to the conclusion that concessions must be made to the Catholic Association which, led by Daniel O'Connell, was forcing the question of Catholic emancipation.
	In public speeches, he spoke of his "warm anxiety to promote the best interests of Ireland", of his own "sanguine and ardent temperament" - doubtless with a smile - of his own Irish blood and of his admiration for the Irish people. Writing to the Chief Secretary he said: "I abhor the idea of truckling to the overbearing Catholic demagogues. To make any movement towards conciliation under the present excitement would revolt me; but I do most conscientiously, and after the most earnest consideration of the subject, give it as my conviction that the first moment of composure and tranquillity should be seized to signify the intention of adjusting the question."
	This letter led to his immediate recall, for the English Government was pledged at the time to the king not to enter upon any negotiations for Catholic emancipation. Anglesey had become popular in Ireland and his departure was marked as day of mourning. In Dublin the shops were closed and he was escorted to the embarkation point by thousands of all classes of the people, many of the women being in tears. When Lord Grey became Prime Minister, Anglesey was again made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the end of 1830. This time, however, agitation for repeal of the Act of Union had taken the place of the earlier agitation for emancipation, and he was immediately at war with Daniel O'Connell. The situation became impossible, and when Anglesey was driven to ask for coercive powers, he was recalled and was succeeded by the Duke of Wellington [actually the Marquess Wellesley]. His greatest legacy to Ireland was his establishment of the Board of Education.
	He held further offices, being appointed Master-General of Ordnance in 1846, and Field Marshal in 1852, although he was then 84 and a great-grandfather, but within three years - on April 29, 1854, he died. He was buried in the family vault in Lichfield Cathedral - that is, all of him except his famous leg was buried there. It was still interred in the innkeeper's yard at Waterloo.
	Henry Cyril Paget, 5th Marquess of Anglesey
	When Anglesey succeeded to the title in 1898, he became one of the wealthiest men in England. By the time of his death, less than 7 years later, his eccentricities and extravagances had reduced him to bankruptcy.
	Following his death at the age of 29, the Chicago Daily Tribune on 15 March 1905 published the following [edited] account of his career. Being an American newspaper, all currency amounts are shown in US dollars - at that time the exchange rate was roughly five dollars to the pound:-
	MONTE CARLO, March 14 - Henry Cyril Paget, marquis of Anglesey, whose eccentricities, extravagances, and escapades for six years has filled all European capitals with amazement, died here early this morning. His wife, from whom he separated two years ago, became reconciled with him at his deathbed …
	The dead marquis held the title for six years, and in those six years he spent $3,000,000 of his own and contracted debts amounting to $2,725,000. His prodigalities in jewels and clothing were enormous. His house parties and private theatricals excited the wonder of London, Paris and Berlin. His personal eccentricities kept him constantly in the public eye. He perfumed his automobile with violets. He put primroses in his hair. He wore women's clothing. He appeared on the vaudeville stages of several cities in Europe in the costume of a ballet dancer. He imitated the serpentine and fire dancers of Lole Fuller, wearing draperies spangled with diamonds, emeralds and rubies costing $200,000. He spent $1,000,000 for jewels in a single year. There was no splendor, however barbaric, that the eccentric young marquis did not attempt to achieve, no extravagance he was unwilling to attempt.
	Before he became the marquis young Paget was a scholar at Eton and afterward second lieutenant in the Royal Welsh fusiliers. Once in possession of the great estate in Wales, with its famous collection of plate, jewels, paintings, furniture, tapestries and armor, the young marquis launched upon the career of eccentricities that made him famous. One of the first things he did was to transform the beautiful old gothic chapel, Plas-Newydd, into a private gayety theater.
	The wedding of the marquis was of a piece with his strange career. He chose for his wife Miss Chetwynd, daughter of Sir George Chetwynd and the marchioness of Hastings. She was only 17 years old, of beautiful and refined features, with violet eyes and masses of Venetian red hair. They were cousins, and it was declared at the time that the marriage was arranged in order that they might jointly inherit property which both would have lost if they did not marry each other.
	Eighteen months after their wedding the marchioness applied to the English courts for a divorce. The terms of the separation proved the marquis' eccentricity. For the first year he allowed her $15,000, and $4,500 to pay debts contracted while they were living together. The second year he was to pay her $20,000, the next, if they were still separated, $25,000, and so on, the allowance increasing $5,000 each year until it reached $50,000.
	Afterwards the marquis and his young wife met in Paris and became reconciled, were seen everywhere together, and even travelled together. So society was not surprised when she appealed to the English courts to have her decree of divorce annulled. Her request was granted but the reconciliation was short lived, and they separated a second time, only to be reunited at his deathbed.
	In the meantime the marquis had launched into the career of extravagance that made him famous. His theatrical entertainments at Anglesey castle became as famous as his jewels. Money was not considered. In the early days he used to gather around him amateurs as well as professionals, but in the later shows he only had professionals to assist him. He was always the star. His taste ran little toward plays of serious interest or dramatic value. Her perfected extravaganzas which allowed costly costuming and enabled him to wear most gorgeous clothes - women's and well as men's - and gave him a chance to display his jewels. Among the plays he produced were "Aladdin", "Sinbad" and "Red Riding Hood." The entertainments usually continued for six weeks.
	In "Aladdin" his costume consisted of a gauze suit, to which had been fastened literally thousands of brilliants, so that he was all of a sparkle wherever he moved. About his neck he wore strings of diamonds, and on his shoulders were bows of the precious stones. His head was covered with a turban which would have excited the envy of the richest rajah of India. It contained a magnificent emerald, surrounded by turquoises. On his breast he wore another wonderful arrangement of jewels, the center of which was a ruby as large as a 25 cent piece. Thus gorgeously arrayed he danced, while limelight cast varied hued beams upon him.
	Another extravagance recently reported was a gorgeous motor car, which contains a boudoir. Its interior was hand painted. When riding in this the marquis was accustomed to wear a magnificent coat of imperial Russian sable, which was worth thousands of pounds, and his motorman was dressed like an Indian prince.
	He wore strange costumes about his home and his servants were put into uniforms that matched their master's. For example, his evening suits were ordinarily of blue or pink.
	Then came the crash. The marquis had spent in the six years $5,750,000. Of this amount he had borrowed $2,500,000. His creditors descended upon him, he was declared a bankrupt, and orders for the sale of his personal effects were issued.
	Court bailiffs took possession of Anglesey castle and searched it for jewels. They were astounded at what they found. The first day's sale netted the creditors $85,000. The second day's sale realised $77,430 - a total of $162,430 - for jewels that cost the marquis many times that amount. One pair of matchless cabochon sapphires of unusual size, mounted as sleeve links, sold for only $6,000 - and they had cost the marquis $100,000.
	His wardrobe was sold with his jewels. There were 300 lots of wearing apparel, including more than 100 overcoats, 200 pairs of slippers, and 200 walking sticks, many of them with handles incrusted with jewels.
	Though the sale had no precedent, the only things to drag in the bidding were the waistcoats. These were found too loud even for stagework. Some of them were covered with spangles, with contrasts of color that were blinding. One of blue peacock with iridescent feathers brought $65, but the remaining 240 in all realized only $875.
	Another costume that stunned bidders was the marquis' white suede evening dress which he wore in public with a black silk shirt and black collar.
	Gloves, stocks, and handkerchiefs went for more than their retail value. A new smoking jacket of Persian lamb was also coveted by many.
	The highest amount paid for any single article was $1,500 for the marquis' famous overcoat of brown sable. It is ornamented with twenty tails and ten sable heads, and is said to have cost more than $5,000. In the overcoat collection there were specimens for every possible weather and temperature, from the tropics to midwinter in St. Petersburg.
	A silver gray moleskin coat with raccoon collar brought $300 and two melton coats with mink and Persian linings brought $200 each. Greatly admired by women was a smoking suit of silver gray silk with trousers of robin-egg blue. On the white silk facings were embroidered sprays of forget-me-nots and wood violets.
	Shoes, few of which showed any trace of wear, brought high prices. Those that an ordinary mortal could wear averaged $6 a pair. Golden slippers and high heeled fancy dress shoes were bought by theatrical costumers.
	The pajamas and night shirts were dreams of oriental splendor. Some of the latter ran as high as $72, while many pairs of pajamas were eagerly bid in at $42. The marquis' twelve evening black silk shirts found purchasers at $22.
	The marquis had invented several "evening costumes" to take the place of the ordinary black and white, which was abhorrent to his esthetic taste. One of these was pink and another of blue silk. The nobleman's dressing gowns were of gold brocade. The magnificence of his bedroom was approached by that of no royal personage in Europe, for it was draped in mauve velvet, with hanging figures of solid silver. Its ornaments were of filigree and gold, and its tables crowded with bottles of the most costly perfumes. His "boudoir" was of green and gold. He had three valets and a "coiffeur", all of whom earned their high salaries, for it was no unusual thing for this modern Beau Brummel to spend a whole morning "working out" some special scheme of color by dint of combining the effects of neckties, trousers, waistcoats, and "spats", discarding one by one such as failed to "harmonize".
	Already the unsatisfied creditors are flocking to Monte Carlo in hope of securing something from the sale of his remaining personal effects. They received 15 cents on the dollar originally and they are likely to get little more.
	************************
	Another source states that marital relations between the Marquess and his wife became strained when to took to waking her in the night, ordering her to strip naked, then covering her with gems. Given the Marquess's pre-occupation with jewellery and clothes, it is not altogether surprising that her grounds for the initial divorce proceedings were believed to have been the non-consummation of their marriage.
	The Annandale and Hartfell peerage claim of 1985
	The following edited account of the successful claim made for the peerage appeared in The Times on 24 July 1985:-
	The Committee for Privileges of the House of Lords considering the petition presented to her Majesty by Patrick Andrew Wentworth Hope Johnstone of Annandale and that ilk, praying that her Majesty might admit his succession to, and declare him entitled to the title, style and dignity of Earl of Annandale and Hartfell in the peerage of Scotland, created by King Charles II in 1662, proposed that it should report to the House that the petitioner had made out his claim.
	Lord Keith said that the petitioner was a descendant, partly through females, of James, first Earl of Annandale, and second Earl of Hartfell ("the first earl") whose father was by King Charles I created Lord Johnstone of Lochwood in 1663 [1643?] and Earl of Hartfell by letters patent in 1643, the destination of the latter being to the grantee "and his heirs male".
	The first earl was created Earl of Annandale by letters patent of King Charles II in 1661, with precedence according to letters patent creating his father Earl of Hartfell in 1643.
	Those recited inter alia that another Earl of Annandale had died without heirs male of his body so that a patent of that title and dignity (granted in 1624 [1625]) had come to the king's hands and that no one was so worthy as the first earl to enjoy that title.
	The letters accordingly created as Earls of Annandale and Hartfell, Viscounts of Annand and Lords of Johnstone and Lochwood, Lochmaben and Evandale, the first earl "and his heirs male whom failing the eldest born heir female without division of [his] body … and the heirs male of the body of the said eldest born heirs female legitimately begotten … and all of which failing the nearest heirs whatsoever" of the first earl.
	The first earl died in 1672 and was succeeded by his male heirs until 1792 when the heirs male of the body of the first earl became extinct.
	A claim was thereupon advanced by James, third Earl of Hopetoun, who was the grandson of the first earl's eldest granddaughter. Following the death of that claimant a claim was presented by his daughter Lady Ann Hope Johnstone and subsequently pursued by her son and grandson. Those claims which were all unsuccessful were founded upon the letters patent of 1661.
	They depended for their success upon establishing that, upon a true construction, the words "heirs male" in the destination of the peerage thereby created meant heirs male of the body [of] the first earl, not his heirs male general, with the consequence that upon the extinction of the heirs male of the body the succession opened to the eldest heir female of his body and the heirs male of the body of such eldest heir female. The Committee for Privileges rejected that construction in 1844 and again in 1879.
	The present claimant relied not upon the letters patent of 1661 but upon a Signature under the sign manual of King Charles II dated April 23, 1662 and a Charter under the Great Seal of Scotland following thereon and bearing the same date.
	His contention was that that Charter brought a new creation in favour of the first earl of the Earldom of Annandale and Hartfell, separate from and independent of the creation brought about by the letters patent of 1661. The Charter, which was in Latin, detailed a great many lands, some of which were held by the first earl directly of the Crown and others of which he had acquired by purchase, and recited that they had been resigned for new infeftment [in Scottish law, the old process of granting symbolical possession of heritable property. The legal evidence of such a grant is an instrument of sasine - i.e. the deed or document which records such transfer].
	It then proceeded of new to grant all those lands to the first earl and the heirs male lawfully begotten or to be begotten of his body, whom failing to his heirs female carrying the name and arms of Johnstone, whom all failing the nearest heirs and assignees whomsoever of the first earl.
	The petitioner's pedigree and status as heir male of the body of the eldest heir female of the body of the first earl, and also the fact of extinction of heirs male of the first earl's body was accepted without the requirement of formal proof, as suggested by the Lord Advocate in his report to her Majesty.
	The crucial issue was whether the 1662 Charter made a new creation of an Earldom of Annandale and Hartfell. It was not contended that the earldom created by the letters patent of 1661, following a resignation, was granted anew by the 1662 Charter and there was no trace of an instrument of resignation. It was also significant that the words of the regrant de novo dedimus governed only the described lands.
	The Charter then embarked upon a new clause introduced by et similiter which contained the erection of the lands into a territorial earldom cum titulo stylo et dignitate comitis.
	The first matter to be considered is resolving that issue was whether or not any precedent existed for the royal creation of a second title of nobility in the same name as that of an earlier creation. That question must be answered affirmatively, the best known example being the Earldom of Mar where there are now two holders of a title of the same name recognized as eligible to sit in their Lordships' house.
	It was therefore within the legal competence of the sovereign to grant the same title of nobility to more than one person concurrently, or to grant a title of nobility to an individual on more than one occasion without there having been any resignation of the prior grant, and that the subsequent grant might be on a different destination than the earlier one.
	The question was whether the Signature and Charter of 1662 upon their true construction demonstrated the royal intention of making a new grant of the title and dignity of Earl of Annandale and Hartfell. The conveyancing procedure followed was, in accordance with the practice of the time, apposite for the grant of a title.
	The Signature was superscribed by the royal sign manual and there was appended to it a docquet signed by the secretary of state summarising the effect and mentioning in particular that the lands specified were to be united in a free barony, lordship and earldom called the Earldom of Annandale and Hartfell with the dignity of an earl having the precedence of the earlier patents in favour of the first earl and his deceased father.
	The Charter itself followed the terms of the Signature and duly passed the Great Seal of Scotland. There was no doubt that if there had been no earlier creation of peerage dignities of the same name, the Charter would have been completely effective to make a first creation of Earl of Annandale and Hartfell.
	Many charters of the period contained a grant of lands, followed by the erection of those lands into a territorial barony or earldom under a particular name, followed by the grant of a title of nobility of that name.
	There were precedents where, following a grant of lands later expressed as being erected into a territorial lordship, mention of title and dignity was introduced by the preposition cum, which the general conveyancing practice of those times indicated was quite regularly used to add to what was earlier granted further heritable subjects of considerable importance.
	His Lordship concluded that in the present case the circumstance that mention of the title and dignity of an earl was introduced by cum and that the title and dignity was not directly made the object of words connoting a grant was not inconsistent with the intention to create a peerage dignity.
	Read literally the words used were capable of bearing that interpretation: "we have created (creavimus) a territorial earldom (comitatum) with the title, style and dignity of an earl".
	It was clear that the king by the 1662 Charter intended to and did create, not only the territorial Earldom of Annandale and Hartfell, but also the new title, style and dignity of Earl of Annandale and Hartfell to go with it upon the same destination.
	It followed that just as the title of Annandale might have followed a different destination from that of Hartfell, so might that of Annandale and Hartfell have followed a different destination from one at least of the others.
	The findings of the Committee for Privileges, adopted by the House in the proceedings of 1844 and 1879 relating to claims by the petitioner's ancestors, did not constitute a bar to the petitioner's claim since no attempt was made in the earlier proceedings to rely on the Charter and Signature of 1662.
	The question now at issue was not then considered or decided, and the nineteenth-century proceedings could properly be treated as different from that of the present claim. Moreover, it was well settled in the law of Scotland that heritable rights and rights of blood did not prescribe unless there had been adverse possession. The conclusion therefore was that the petitioner had made out his claim.

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